<p>The Preakness Range is a range of the trap rock Watchung Mountains on the western edge of the Newark Basin in northern New Jersey. A large portion of this range is included in High Mountain Park Preserve, offering miles of hiking trails with vistas overlooking New Jersey and New York City. The peaks of the Preakness Range, the highest of the Watchung Mountains, shelter endangered ecosystems, including perched wetlands and rare trap rock glade communities.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Preakness Range generally refers to the peaks of Preakness Mountain, the section of Second Watchung Mountain north of the Passaic River. Packanack Mountain, a section of Third Watchung Mountain west of Preakness Mountain, is sometimes included in the Preakness Range. Goffle Hill, historically known as Totoway Mountain, flanks the Preakness Range in the east and is usually not included in the range, but it is mentioned in association with it, being part of the northern extent of First Watchung Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Preakness Mountain begins in Totowa, New Jersey, forming a curve which bows to the north-northeast before sweeping back towards the northwest and terminating near the Ramapo fault in Oakland, New Jersey. The three highest peaks of the Watchungs line the north-central part of Preakness Mountain in Wayne, New Jersey. Mount Cecchino, the southernmost of the three and also the lowest, rises to 755 ft (230m). Immediately to the north, High Mountain reaches 879 ft (268m), becoming the highest peak of the Watchungs. Northwest of High Mountain, the second highest peak of the Watchungs, Beech Mountain, rises to 869 ft (265m).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Preakness Range was originally inhabited by the Munsee (Minsi) Lenape. Today, this Native American heritage lives on in the range&#39;s name. Preakness appears to be a modernized form of per-ukunees, a Lenape term thought to mean young buck. For a time, Dutch settlers referred to the range as Harteberg, which appropriately translates to Deer Mountain.</p><br>
<p>As with the majority of the Watchungs, the Preakness Range saw use as a lookout during the American Revolutionary War. In October and November, 1780 General Arthur St Clair’s men were camped at the base of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>For most of modern history the Preakness Range remained a wilderness providing recreation to the inhabitants of surrounding towns. Only the southern section of the range was particularly built up, with William Paterson University acting as buffer to hold back development from encroaching northward across the main ridge of Preakness Mountain. In the 1980s, when development began to threaten the remaining wilderness of the range, a push by local citizens to preserve the Preakness Range for the public interest was begun, ultimately resulting in the creation of High Mountain Park Preserve.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Preakness Range formed as molten rock extruded onto the surface 200 million years ago. At that time the range occupied the northern section of an active rift valley running through northern and central New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania. After the rift failed in the early Jurassic, the range was elevated as erosion removed the sandstone and shale surrounding the basalt lava flows of Preakness Mountain and Packanack Mountain.</p><br>
<p>An interesting trait of the Preakness Range is its alternating north-south valleys. These valleys, which form two major divisions, are a result of three separate eruptive events which laid down three closely spaced basalt ridges which combine to form the main section of the Preakness Range on the northern end of Second Watchung Mountain. These ridges decrease in height from east to west, which mirrors the order in which the ridges, really successive sheets of lava, were formed. Here, as in the rest of the Watchungs, the easternmost ridge was extruded first.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Preakness Range may be the most environmentally sensitive section of the Watchungs, hosting a variety of ecologically diverse areas of wilderness. The New Jersey National Heritage Program has given the Preakness Range a rating of B2, meaning it has priority as a site with very high biodiversity significance. Nine different ecological communities have been cited in the Preakness Range, including globally imperiled trap rock glade communities and increasingly rare hickory-ash red cedar woodlands.</p><br>
<p>Seven state-listed endangered plant species call the Preakness Range home, including a globally endangered species, Torrey’s mountain mint (Pycnanthemum torrei). Twelve other rare plants survive in forested uplands and the range’s perched wetlands. Some of the rare plants are reasoned to take root in the range due to the calcareous secondary minerals in the range’s trap rock which may serve to increase soil alkalinity relative to the surrounding acidic soils of the piedmont region.</p><br>
<p>The mountains of the Preakness Range also provide significant habitat to wildlife. In particular, sixty species of birds are thought to breed in the range’s various environs.</p><br>
<p>Milsom Street in Bath, Somerset, England was built in 1762 by Thomas Lightholder. The buildings were originally grand town houses, but most are now used as shops, offices and banks. Most have three storeys with mansard roofs and Corinthian columns.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 2 to 22 are grade II listed. The bank at number 24 was built by Wilson and Willcox and includes baroque detail not seen on the other buildings. Numbers 25 to 36 continue the architectural theme from numbers 2 to 22.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 37 to 42 which are known as Somersetshire Buildings have been designated as Grade II* listed buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon Chapel was a place of worship, then a furniture shop by Mallett Antiques Opened briefly as a restaurant, which has subsequently closed. It is accessed beside number 46.</p><br>
<p>As a fashionable Georgian thoroughfare, Milsom Street is quoted in several of the works of Jane Austen, including Northanger Abbey and Persuasion.</p><br>
<p>In the 2010 Google Street View Best Streets Awards, Milsom Street was voted "Britain&#39;s Best Fashion Street" by the 11,000 participants.</p><br>
<p>The Porthos Range is the second range south in the Prince Charles Mountains, extending for about 30 miles in an east-to-west direction between Scylla Glacier and Charybdis Glacier. First visited in December 1956 by the ANARE southern party under W.G. Bewsher and named after Porthos, a character in Alexandre Dumas, père&#39;s novel The Three Musketeers, the most popular book read on the southern journey.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Geographical features include:</p><br>
<p>* Charybdis Glacier</p><br>
<p>* Corry Massif</p><br>
<p>* Crohn Massif</p><br>
<p>* Cutcliffe Peak</p><br>
<p>* Hulcombe Ridge</p><br>
<p>* Martin Massif</p><br>
<p>* Morgan Ridge</p><br>
<p>* Mount Canham</p><br>
<p>* Mount Creighton</p><br>
<p>* Mount Eather</p><br>
<p>* Mount Gaston</p><br>
<p>* Mount Gavaghan</p><br>
<p>* Mount Kerr</p><br>
<p>* Mount Kirkby</p><br>
<p>* Mount Leckie</p><br>
<p>* Mount Lied</p><br>
<p>* Mount McCarthy</p><br>
<p>* Mount Mervyn</p><br>
<p>* Mount Pollard</p><br>
<p>* Mount Small</p><br>
<p>* Mount Tarr</p><br>
<p>* Mount Ware</p><br>
<p>* O&#39;Shea Peak</p><br>
<p>* Thomas Nunataks</p><br>
<p>* Webster Peaks</p><br>
<p>* Whitworth Ridge</p><br>
<p>* Wignall Peak</p><br>
<p>* Wignall</p><br>
<p>The Mount Zion Church was a historic church building near Big Sandy, Tennessee. It was a hewn log structure built in either 1812 or 1845 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was removed from the National Register in 2012.</p><br>
<p>This building, which is still standing, might be confused with the extant Mt. Zion Church and Cemetery located approximately twenty miles north in Henry County, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church building was a hewn log structure, approximately 18 ft by 24 ft. or as 1845 as listed in the National Register of Historic Places database. The builders were Joe Arnold, Eligh Hollaman, James Garner and another unknown person.</p><br>
<p>It was destroyed by fire in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Sidney H. Horner House was built in 1881 by Michael Brennam, an early builder/architect, approximately six blocks to the west of the Mississippi River in Helena, Arkansas. Sidney H. Horner, a member of an early Helena family, was part of a banking firm established by his father, John Sidney Horner. The Italianate style house is made of hand-molded brick. The home has 7 fireplaces and oak parquet floors. The initial footprint of the house was expanded in 1895 with a two-story east wing also made of brick. At the same time, the original small front porch was expanded to run the entire length of the new east addition. Electric lights were also added at about this time.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The house was constructed on a site that had been part of Fort Curtis, a Union Army post which saw considerable action during the Battle of Helena The battle was a belated effort by the Confederate Army to seize Union-occupied Helena. It was an attempt to relieve the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi from the long siege on the city by Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Sidney H. Horner died in 1900 leaving a widow and 7 children. The house was sold to settle his estate and it passed through several owners who made various changes to the house. A back porch was added in 1900. Indoor plumbing was added during the 1920s. At some point before the 1930s, the roof of the front porch that started with the east-wing addition of 1895, was completely removed. This left the porch roof as it had existed when the house was first built. The base of the front porch, starting with the east-wing addition, was retained and used as a patio.</p><br>
<h3>Mid-20th-century</h3><br>
<p>Ivey Gladin was a well-known photographer in the Mississippi Delta, starting his own photography studio in 1939. He served in the US Navy during World War II. His wife, Morvene, operated the studio while he was performing military service. After his return from the war, they purchased the house with another couple with a loan that was referred to as a "GI Bill partnership home loan." Local historians suggest that this was the first loan of this type made in the United States after the war. The home was changed to a duplex in order to qualify for the loan. This particular program was set up after World War II to encourage returning veterans to find and purchase multi-family housing in an effort to reduce the shortage of housing in the initial post war years. After a few years, the Gladin family bought out the interest of the James family. The home was then converted into their photography studio as well as making it the residence for their family. The Gladin Photography Studio remained open in the house for almost 50 years. A collection of approximately 100,000 of Mr. Glavins photos is now part of a collection held by the University of Mississippi at Oxford, Mississippi. Ivey Gladin is well known among blues enthusiasts for his photographs of Sonny Boy Williamson performing on the King Biscuit Time radio program. Ivey (d. 2001) and Morvene (d. 2008) Gladin lived in the house until 1999. The house sat vacant for two years and deferred maintenance caused damage to the home.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>In 2001, the house was sold by the heirs of the Gladin family to a pair of preservation-minded individuals who started a piece-meal restoration effort. The front porch was rebuilt to its original 1890s configuration. A window restoration project began utilizing the skills of Ronnie Walker, a graduate of the local Phillips Community College&#39;s Building Preservation Trades Program who went on to oversee the restoration of Lakeport Plantation near Lake Village, Arkansas. Work on the house was delayed when one of the new owners was mobilized with the 39th Infantry Brigade of the Arkansas Army National Guard for service in Iraq and later during Katrina relief efforts in New Orleans. A new window restoration project was started in the winter of 2008 and is ongoing.</p><br>
<p>The structure is known today as the Horner-Gladin House and is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Stretton Aqueduct is a short cast iron canal aqueduct between Stretton and Brewood, and near to Belvide Reservoir, in south Staffordshire, England. Designed by Thomas Telford it carries the Shropshire Union Canal  30 ft over the A5 road at a skewed angle.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct has five sections, each 6 ft long, held together by bolts and supported by six cast iron arch ribs, each in two sections and joined at the centre of the arch. It was cast by William Hazledine of Shrewsbury. The trough is 21 ft wide with an 11 ft wide channel of water and a towpath on either side. The Staffordshire blue brick abutments have stone dressings.</p><br>
<p>During 1961–62, the road under the aqueduct was lowered by about 4 ft to allow taller vehicles to pass underneath.</p><br>
<p>It was one of Telford&#39;s last aqueducts and has been grade II listed since 1985.</p><br>
<p>Timpanogos Glacier is a rock glacier that is located in the Wasatch Range, Wasatch-Cache National Forest, and is the last known glacier in the USA state of Utah. The glacier is situated on the north slope of Mount Timpanogos . The best evidence indicates that the Timpanogos Glacier was once a "true" glacier with crevasses present in the early 20th century, but that the surface portion was lost during the dust bowl drought of the 1930s and reduced to a permanent snowfield.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is now considered to be a rock glacier, since the remaining ice is buried in the talus. In 1994, the rocks parted, revealing a crevasse or meltwater channel in the buried ice. One witness described it as being "40 feet thick at least."</p><br>
<p>Another crevasse or pit reportedly opened up in the late 1990s or early 2000s. One witness threw a stone in and from the fall time calculated that it was over 100 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>Around this time Brigham Young University dug 3 to 5 feet down to the ice and attempted to obtain a core sample and study the ice crystal morphology. The core sample was reportedly contaminated and crystal morphology study was unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>Today, the rock glacier consists of three flow lobes. The main one may be inactive, the uppermost one is probably active, and the one in between is probably extinct. On September 3, 2016, an amateur geologist found a meltwater pit in the uppermost flow lobe full of opaque glacial runoff and a small amount of exposed glacial ice. He dug through the rocks in the slope of the pit and found blue ice about 3 feet down. The ice contained bubbles and was therefore probably glacial in origin.</p><br>
<p>Emerald Lake is a small proglacial lake which lies at the terminal moraine left behind by the now mostly vanished Timpanogos Glacier. The occasional blue color of Emerald Lake is an indicator of the buried glacial ice. Since this color did not appear in 2016 despite low water levels, the main flow lobe of the glacier which touches the lake may now be inactive.</p><br>
<p>The Woodlawn Quaker Meetinghouse is located at 8890 Woodlawn Road in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, United States. The meetinghouse and its associated cemetery are significant for their role in the Quaker community in this area of Virginia in the mid to late 19th century. The meetinghouse itself is also significant for its Quaker Plain Style architecture. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 21, 2009 and the listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service&#39;s weekly list of May 29, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The original meetinghouse, now the southern half, was built in 1853. The northern half was added between 1866 and 1869. Both halves are wood frame, one story, gable roofed structures. The style reflects the Quaker belief in simplicity and lack of adornment. The rectangular building faces east, with two entrances on the long side of the rectangle. One entrance was for women, and one for men. On the interior, there is a center wall with window-like opening. The openings can be shuttered to accommodate separate meetings for men and women. The seating is historic, simple, wooden benches. The porch that currently wraps around the building was added at a later time. Union soldiers occupied the building during the American Civil War, and carved their names and initials to the right of what was then the only entryway.</p><br>
<p>The Paragon in the Walcot area of Bath, Somerset, England is a street of Georgian houses which have been designated as listed buildings. It was designed by Thomas Warr Attwood. It now forms part of the A4.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 1 to 21 are 3 storey houses with mansard roofs. Each building has matching doors and widows with central pediments and flat entablatures either side of the 1st floor windows and Tuscan pilasters and pediments to the doorways.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 22 to 37 continue the theme from numbers 1 to 21 and were completed in 1775 by Joseph Axford, a local mason. Numbers 28 to 32 were damaged by bombing during World War II but have since been restored.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Swithin&#39;s Church was built between 1779 and 1790 by John Palmer. On 30 May 1797 the abolitionist William Wilberforce and Barbara Spooner Wilberforce were married in the church. It 1805 it was the burial place of the writer and poet Christopher Anstey and, in 1831 of Rear Admiral Sir Edward Berry. The church house which forms number 38 The Paragon was built in the early 18th century. The adjoining cemetery has gates with a rusticated base and panels with inverted torches between pilasters. There is an entablature with metopes and triglyphs.</p><br>
<p>The Building of Bath Collection lies just off the Paragon in a courtyard, known as "The Vineyards", in a building which was built in 1765 as the Trinity Presbyterian Church. It was also known as the Countess of Huntingdon&#39;s Chapel, as she lived in the attached house from 1707&ndash;1791.</p><br>
<p>During the Bath Blitz of 25/26 April 1942, one of the retailitory raids on England by the Baedeker Blitz following the RAF&#39;s raid on Lübeck, a bomb fell into The Paragon, demolishing several of the houses. These have since been reconstructed in the original style.</p><br>
<p>Leche House is at 17 Watergate Street and Row, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and incorporates a section of the Chester Rows. It is considered to be the best preserved medieval town house in Chester.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Alderman John Leche in the 17th century on an undercroft dating from the late 14th century, which was extended in the later part of the following century; minor alterations were made in the 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house is built in sandstone and brick at the street level and in timber framing with plaster panels above. The roof is in grey slate. It has three storeys plus an attic in the gable overlooking the street. At the street level is a modern shop front with a double boarded door to the left. On the Row level is a rail on wooden balusters. Behind the walkway is another modern shop front. The third storey has three sash windows on which the date 1736 has been scratched on the glass. These are the Georgian style windows which were inserted in the 18th century. Below and to the sides of the windows are panels. Above these windows is a row of eight panels containing shaped saltire braces. Over this is a mullioned and transomed window to the sides of which are panels with shaped braces; in some of these is pargeting. The bargeboard contains ornate carving and at its top is a finial.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The former undercroft at street level has ashlar sandstone walls. At the Row level is a two-storey hall with a gallery along its west side and a plaster strapwork frieze. In the hall is a large fireplace with an overmantel dating from the early 17th century. It has three panels divided by four Ionic pilasters, above which are the arms of Sir John Leche.</p><br>
<p>The Conrad Mountains  are a narrow chain of mountains, 30 km long, located between the Gagarin Mountains and Mount Dallmann in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The Conrad Mountains are a subrange of the Orvin Mountains. With its summit at 3,055 m, the massive Sandeggtind Peak forms the highest point in the Conrad Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and naming</h2><br>
<p>The Conrad Mountains were discovered by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), led by Captain Alfred Ritscher, and named for Rear Admiral Heinrich Friedrich (Fritz) Conrad (18 April 1883 – 1 January 1944), director of the meteorological division of the former Marineleitung (German Admiralty). They were surveyed by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956-1960.</p><br>
<p>18th and Vine in Kansas City, Missouri is internationally recognized as one of the cradles of jazz music and a historic hub of African-American businesses. Along with New Orleanss Basin Street, Beale Street in Memphis, 52nd Street in New York City and Los Angeless Central Avenue - the 18th and Vine area was a midwife to the birth of a new style of jazz. The jazz that evolved in the 18th and Vine district was distinctive. Simmered in the blues, Kansas Citys jazz was a riff-based sound fueled by jam sessions in the districts crowded clubs. Many notable jazz musicians of the 1930s & 1940s made 18th and Vine their home, Charlie Parker being the most notable of the era from Kansas City. However, many call the city home or got their start in the city. The national historic district encompassing 35 contributing buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Located just east of Downtown Kansas City, it is the Kansas City metropolitan areas historic center of African American culture at 18th Street and Vine Street. It has been the focus of more than $30 million of civic investment since the late 1980s, but the districts redevelopment has struggled.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, parts of the film Kansas City were filmed there, and façades left from the movie remained on most of the dilapidated buildings until the end of the decade. Today, the 18th and Vine district includes the Mutual Musicians Foundation, the Gem Theater, the long-time offices of African-American newspaper The Call, the Blue Room jazz club, the American Jazz Museum, the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum, restaurants and apartments. The district is also home to the Historic Lincoln Building which served as a hub of professional and business activity in the Black community. The building was restored in the early 1980s by the Black Economic Union of Kansas City, and continues to serve this purpose today.</p><br>
<p>Six blocks to the north, the former intersection of 12th Street and Vine has been immortalized in the Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller song, "Kansas City."</p><br>
<p>Vine Street no longer intersects with 12th Street, as a housing project now stands at the site. The city, however, has since erected a street sign in a park near the housing project to mark the spot where 12th Street once crossed Vine.</p><br>
<p>The Olean Public Library is a historic beaux arts library located at 116 S. Union St. in Olean, Cattaraugus County, New York. The Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is located in the Union and State Streets Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Olean Library Association</h3><br>
<p>On March 25, 1871, the "Olean Library Association" was established by a small group of public-spirited citizens. The first meeting was held in Miss Lyons school house on Laurens Street. In May 1871, the Library settled in the rear of John G. Peltons tailor shop (located on the west side of North Union Street, midway between Laurens and State streets). It was open only 1 day per week, Saturday from 1-9 PM. Annual dues were $2.00 for gentlemen and $1.00 for ladies. 697 books formed the collection.</p><br>
<p>On September 30, 1878, the Library moved to a new home under the supervision of Charles Gillingham. It was located in a room rented from P.J. Hastings in what was known as the Berg (or Birge, after Norman Birge, a harness maker who owned the block). Later, it moved to quarters on the second floor of the Exchange Bank building, and then to 102 Hamilton Street where it remained until 1889.</p><br>
<h3>Forman Library</h3><br>
<p>On June 12, 1888, the Library was renamed in honor of George V. Forman, who donated the property and building. Forman was a founder of "Vandergrift, Forman & Company," which became part of the Standard Oil Company. The Library moved into its new home on Forman property on April 2, 1889.</p><br>
<h3>"Old" Olean Public Library</h3><br>
<p>On December 13, 1906, the charter which was granted by the Board of Regents of New York State named the institution “The Olean Public Library” and it became a free library. In April 1909, the Library relocated to the second floor of City Hall while the "Carnegie library" was being built on the Forman property. The cornerstone for Carnegie building was laid on July 3, 1909.</p><br>
<h4>Features</h4><br>
<p>The Library is a historic, built in 1909, with funds provided by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie was one of 3,000 such libraries constructed between 1885 and 1919, and one of 107 in New York State. Carnegie provided $40,000 toward the construction of the Olean library. The building was designed by architect Edward L. Tilton in the Beaux-Arts style. The interior features a grand stairway and entrance, large rooms, and central atrium. The Carnegie building was opened May 23, 1910 and a period of growth in the size and scope of the collection and patronage began almost immediately. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h3>"New" Olean Public Library</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, a new site was secured for the Library and on September 21, 1973, the library opened at 134 North Second Street in a former Loblaws Supermarket. The modern facility continues to meet the changing informational needs of the community. The mission of the Olean Public Library is to improve the community&#39;s quality of life by providing equal access to materials in various formats, programming and services for patrons of all ages, and a capable and professional staff available to assist members of the greater Olean community in support of their educational, informational, and leisure needs.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The original NRHP listed "Olean Public Library" was occupied by the "Olean Historical Society" and the "Department of Aging" from 1974-1979. In 1982, the Olean Board of Education sold the property to Louis Marra, which made possible the opening of The Old Library Restaurant and the "The Old Bed and Breakfast Library Inn."</p><br>
<p>The Water Tower  is a 14th-century tower in Chester, Cheshire, England, which is attached by a spur wall to Bonewaldesthorne&#39;s Tower on the city walls. The tower, together with its spur wall, is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The original name of the tower was New Tower but in the 17th century it became known as the Water Tower, although the City Assembly tried to insist on the usage of its correct name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower was built between 1322 and 1325, at which time it stood in the River Dee. It is attached to Bonewaldesthorne&#39;s Tower by a spur wall. The architect was John (de) Helpston who had also designed castles for King Edward II in North Wales. Its prime purpose was to defend the port of Chester, and it was also used to monitor the movements of shipping and to ensure that the custom dues were paid. The cost of the tower and the spur wall was £100</p><br>
<p>(equivalent to £ as of ). By the end of the 16th century the river had silted up and the tower was landlocked. During the Civil War the tower was attacked and damaged. From 1671 it was leased as a storehouse but in 1728 it was described as "useless and neglected".</p><br>
<p>The Chester Mechanics Institution was founded in 1835. The Institution wished to open a museum to show its artifacts and the city council leased the Water Tower and Bonewaldesthornes Tower at a nominal rent for this purpose. The museum opened in 1838. The Institution closed in 1876 and the exhibits came into the possession of the city council. Although it was recognised that the tower was not suitable as a museum, there was at the time nowhere else to show all the exhibits. The tower closed as a museum in 1901–02 while the city walls were rebuilt, and re-opened in 1903, attracting 12,000 visitors that season. The towers were closed to the public in 1916 and in the 1920s they were let for non-museum use. In 1954 they were bought by the Grosvenor Museum which reopened them to the public in 1962. The tower is now some 200 yd inland from the river, and is probably the least-altered of Chesters medieval towers. The Water Tower and the adjacent Bonewaldesthornes Tower have housed a museum of the history of medicine, Sick to Death, since August 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The tower and spur wall are built in sandstone rubble. The tower is about 75 ft high, and the wall is 97 ft long, just over 11 ft wide and about 24 ft high. An archway in the city walls leads to 44 stone steps on the way down to the tower. The wall is crenellated; this may be the only surviving example of medieval crenellation on the city walls. The tower is circular at its base with a square turret above, in two stages containing octagonal chambers, one above the other. A pointed archway leads from the wall into the lower chamber. In the angle between the tower and the wall was a small latrine. Five stone steps lead down from the archway through the wall (about 12 ft thick) to the lower chamber. Formerly in its walls were embrasures, but these have been blocked and are only visible from the exterior. A circular staircase of 23 steps leads to the upper chamber, which has four embrasures in its walls. Above this is a raised fighting platform overlooking the entrance to the tower. The top of the tower is crenellated.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located at St. Francisville, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. The congregation was organized in 1827. The present church was completed in 1860, but it was heavily damaged by Union gunboats in 1863, during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The current appearance of the church dates to its repair and rebuilding in 1893. The organ dates to 1860. The church is one of the state&#39;s oldest Protestant churches.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Robert Hilliard Barrow - four-star General in the USA Marine Corps.</p><br>
<p>John Bennett Dawson - 19th-century Louisiana Congressman.</p><br>
<p>John Elliott Hart - Union Navy officer that died nearby on the Mississippi River; whose 1863 funeral has been commemorated, since 1999, with a festival, "The Day the War Stopped".</p><br>
<p>Junius Wallace Jones - Major General, United States Air Force.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Lawrason - state senator, author of the Lawrason Act of 1898.</p><br>
<p>William Walter Leake - Confederate cavalry officer, who facilitated the Masonic burial of John E. Hart, above; later a state senator, circuit court judge, and newspaper publisher.</p><br>
<p>George Mathews Jr. - presiding Judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court, 1813-1836.</p><br>
<p>Joseph P. Newsham - 19th-century Congressman; he had served in the Union Army during the Civil War and moved to Louisiana after receiving disabling injuries.</p><br>
<p>The Antiguo Casino de Ponce , or simply the Casino de Ponce, is a historic structure, built in 1922 and located in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Originally built as a social club for Ponces elite, it is currently used as the premier reception center of "The Noble City of Puerto Rico". The building, designed by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez in the Second Empire and Neo-Rococo styles, has a French facade and tones. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 1987. It is located at the corner of Marina and Luna streets. The building has been called "an icon of Ponces architecture, history, and identity." It is owned and administered by the Ponce Municipal Government.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When built in 1922, it was actually the replacement quarters for Ponces exclusive club, the previous one having been destroyed by a hurricane. In addition to its original use, the building has also served as postal office, a public health unit, tax collectors office, and as a temporary city hall. The building was designed by Agustin Canilo Gonzalez, and the artesanical works were the product of Jose Cott, Victor Cott, and Camilo Gonzalez (Jr.) Local painter Don Miguel Pou was responsible for the painted tapestries.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Old Casino de Ponce stands as a reminder of the wealthy aristocracy of southern Puerto Rico in the late 19th and early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>From the architectural standpoint, the Old Casino is significant because in its structure the architect managed to incorporate the 19th century (Second Empire, neo-Rococo and other architectural styles in concrete construction:"It represents a transitional point from the brick and stucco classical Spanish traditional construction to the modern, reinforced-concrete technology of the United States."</p><br>
<p>From a social and cultural standpoint, the Old Casino is significant in that it expresses to this day the lifestyle of the areas wealthy families during the early decades of the 20th century. It is a reminder of how they lived and how World War II changed that lifestyle for ever. The lavish second floor ballroom was extensively used prior to WWII as the de facto meeting place for the most wealthy and influential families in Ponce and Puerto Rico. The Casino is associated with the social club that made the structure come to life, a club that has ceased to exist as todays way of life have pushed aside the lifestyle of the aristocracy of yesterday.</p><br>
<h2>Physical appearance</h2><br>
<p>The Casino de Ponce is a two-story, concrete structure on the southeast corner of Marina and Luna streets in the historic urban center of Ponce. The area of the lot on which it sits measures approximately 38 X 36 meters. It has a chamfered corner at the intersection of the two streets. The architectural style is Rococo-like, including its main relief and mansard roof. Most of the building as it exists today is part of the original structure, the exception being a few of the ground level doors.</p><br>
<h3>Facades</h3><br>
<p>The building consists of three facades: a northern facade with five bays, a western facade with seven bays, and a single-bay chamfered facade at the intersection of the two other facades.</p><br>
<h4>North facade</h4><br>
<p>The main entry to the building is via Bay 3 on the north facade at Luna Street. The architectural details on this facade are markedly Spanish-baroque. There is a frontispiece that includes Tuscan columns and pilasters supporting an architrave and blind-arch tympanum above. The spandrel and tympanum areas are terminated in highly detailes plaster reliefs. The other bays (1, 2, 4, and 5) on the northern facade consist of simpler, narrow, arch openings capped by hood-moulds and keystones.</p><br>
<p>At the upper level of the same facade, the three central bays are articulated as wide, square openings with Tuscan half-columns within, supporting the lintel at either extreme. Bays 1 and 5 are each articulated by a quoined surround and an angular pediment, supported by brackets and decorated with an ornamental relief tympanum.</p><br>
<h4>West facade</h4><br>
<p>The seven-bay Marina Street facade (the west facade) consists of an ABABA rhythm in which unit A is identical to bays 1 and 5 of the north facade. Unit B consists of ground-storey bays with wider, circular-arch openings and rectangular upper-level openings with quoined surrounds and voussoired lintels.</p><br>
<h4>Chamfered facade</h4><br>
<p>The single chamfered bay is particularly ornate, as it recesses slightly and then curves outward in a baroque fashion. At the ground floor, a wide, segmental arch opening with a hood-mould accesses secondary office space. At the upper level, a rectangular doorway is crowned by an intricate cameo with angel figures on either side of it. The upper level bay is framed by Tuscan columns which spring from a string-course at the baluster level and support a projection of the building cornice.</p><br>
<h3>Embellishments</h3><br>
<p>The entire composition is crowned by a cornice which follows the modulation of the facade. A balustered parapet above the cornice completes the composition. In addition, broken-scroll pediments above the parapet accentuate the composition&#39;s rhythm at the central bay of the west facade, the extreme bays of both facades, and the corner chamfer. A "mission-tile" mansard roof completes the composition and accentuates the French influences of the design.</p><br>
<h3>Upper level</h3><br>
<p>In plan, the main entrance at the north facade accesses directly an ample stairway which leads to the upper level. At this level two large rooms serve as ballrooms: a major open space along the west wall and a smaller reception area on the north. The ground level is currently utilized as office space by a government agency. Access to these areas is through various doorways along the street wall. All upper level bays open out onto individual balustered balconies, except for bays 2 and 3 and bays 5 and 6 of the west facade, which share wider, two-bay balconies. The chamfered bay contains a semi-elliptical balcony which smoothly turns the corner of the two facades.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the entire first floor of the building accommodates offices of the Ponce municipal government. The Casino belongs to the people of the municipality of Ponce. The government promotes it as "the ballroom of excellence in the southern region of Puerto Rico," (Spanish: "Salon de Recepcion por Excelencia en el Area Sur") and the government makes it available for social and business events.</p><br>
<h3>Facilities</h3><br>
<p>Event facilities are all located on the second floor. Access to the second floor facilities is via a wide wooden stairway accessible from the Luna street facade. The second-floor Casino facilities include four main rooms. The Felices Dias ballroom is the largest at 70 x 40.5, and it faces west. It accommodates 300 people. The Impromptu Room faces north and is located next to the bar. It is commonly used as the buffet dinner food area. The third room, Tu y Yo (English: You and I), and informally known as the Blue Room for the color on its walls, faces south and is used only for events consisting of more than 150 guests. The chamfered corner of the building has a smaller, more intimate room than the others, appropriately called The Chamfered Room. It has five doors, including three interior doors plus two exterior doors including the chamfered door.</p><br>
<p>Other second floor facilities are the kitchen, bar, restrooms, a 16 x 16 balcony and a south-facing terrace. Casino guests also have access to a spacious courtyard on the ground floor featuring a central water fountain. Access to the first floor courtyard is either from a street entrance on Luna street, via an open exterior second-floor stairway that leads directly to the courtyard, or via the elevator, which opens to the exterior, but covered, hallway next to the courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The Queen City Pool and Pool House, also known as the Queen City Pool, is a historic bathhouse and swimming pool located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. The bathhouse and pool were added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 9, 1992, due to their architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s apprentice Don Buel Schuyler, the Queen City Pool operated from 1943 through 1989. It was constructed as a Civil Works Administration/Works Project Administration relief project of the Great Depression. The site features a poured concrete bathhouse, a wading pool and an art deco fountain.</p><br>
<p>The city of Tuscaloosa constructed two public pools in an era of strict segregation, Gulf States Pool and Queen City, with Queen City being the "whites-only" pool. The pool closed in 1966 when desegregation was mandated. The former swimming pool was filled in with dirt in June 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Mildred Westervelt Warner Transportation Museum</h2><br>
<p>In May 2005, it was announced that the bathhouse would be converted into a transportation museum. This became possible after the Alabama Department of Transportation awarded the city a grant to convert the facility into a museum illustrating the history of transportation in Tuscaloosa. The financing for the project came from a $1.94 million federal award that required a 20 percent match by the city, or $260,000. The renovation was designed by the Eclectic Group, Inc. of Huntsville and Ward Scott Veron Architects of Tuscaloosa.</p><br>
<p>On December 13, 2011, the renovated bath house was officially opened as the Mildred Westervelt Warner Transportation Museum.</p><br>
<p>The museums exhibits trace the citys history through the development of its transportation structures.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The basin of the Piracicaba River extends over an area of 12,531 km², located in the southeast of the state of São Paulo and extreme south of Minas Gerais.</p><br>
<p>The Piracicaba river is born from the junction of the Atibaia and Jaguari rivers, in the municipality of Americana. After crossing the city of Piracicaba, it receives the waters of its main tributary, Corumbataí river. The Piracicaba River runs 115 km from its source to its mouth on the Tietê River between the municipalities of Santa Maria da Serra and Barra Bonita.</p><br>
<p>Piracicaba has several meanders that make the waters of its bed suitable for the navigation of small boats after the city of Piracicaba. Among the versions of the origin of the river name, there is that, due to its meanders, the fish get impounded, meaning in Tupi "place where the fish stops".</p><br>
<p>The watershed of the Piracicaba River is located in one of the most developed regions of the state of São Paulo, encompassing municipalities such as Bragança Paulista, Campinas, Limeira, Americana, Atibaia, Rio Claro, Santa Bárbara d&#39;Oeste and Piracicaba.</p><br>
<p>The Sorocaba River  is a river of São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Tietê River. The river runs large and important part of the municipality of Sorocaba.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sorocaba headwaters are located in the municipalities of Ibiúna, Cotia, Vargem Grande Paulista and São Roque. It occupies a drainage area of 5,269 km² and covers a distance of 180 km rural area flowing into Tiete River, in the municipality of Laranjal Paulista. The upper portion of the high Sorocaba is located on the Atlantic Plateau, where crystalline rocks dominate. From Sorocaba to its mouth is in Peripheral Depression in the domain of sedimentary rocks from Parana Basin Tubarão Supergroup.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the principal rivers of the state of São Paulo and considered the largest and main tributary of the left bank of the river Tietê, has 180 km long straight and 227 km, considering his bed in his natural path. It is bordered by the following cities: Ibiúna, Votorantim, Sorocaba, Iperó, Boituva, Tatuí, Cerquilho, Jumirim and Laranjal Paulista. Its flow is regulated to 13 m³/s.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>The main tributaries of the Sorocaba are the rivers Sarapuí, Pirapora, Ipanema, and Tatuí Pirajibú.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The Watershed Committee of the Sorocaba River and Middle Tiete - CBH-SMT was formed in 1994. It is a collegiate body with an advisory and deliberative of the Integrated Water Resources Management - working on Unit Water Resources Management 10, built by the state, municipalities and civil society, equally. This committee took the initiative of civil society and currently includes 34 municipalities, 18 were located in Sorocaba River basin and 16 situated in the sub-basin of the upper Middle Tietê.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>It has been a very polluted river due to industrial activities, mining, sewage without treatment, etc. With the awareness that occurred after the 1980s, there was greater commitment from the municipalities of the watershed in the conservation of water sources through environmental laws. This effort is evident when one observes an improvement in the appearance of the river crossing the urban area of Sorocaba.</p><br>
<p>Residencia Armstrong-Poventud  is a historic building located in the Ponce Historic Zone in Ponce, Puerto Rico, across from the Catedral Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. The construction of this home set the stage for the construction of other homes of similar architectural elements, character and opulence in turn-of-the-twentieth-century Ponce.</p><br>
<h2>Construction date</h2><br>
<p>The Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (ICP) and the Puerto Rico Office of Historical Preservation have determined that the house was built in 1899. The American Architect and Building News magazine, on the front cover of its January 25, 1899, issue published the design of the Residencia Armstrong-Poventud. The Residencia was inaugurated fully as a museum by the ICP in October 2008. Prior to 2008, and starting in 1991, visitors were allowed to tour the house while it concurrently served as the Southern headquarters of the Institute. The Institute operates a small but diverse store in a wing of the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Carlos Armstrong-Toro Residence is one of Ponces most famous houses. This structure was designed and built by Manuel Domenech, one of the islands most distinguished architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of Domenech&#39;s designs include: the Asilo de Pobres de Mayaguez and the Residencia Batiz. Domenech, a public figure in Puerto Rico during the 20th century, built many noteworthy private residences and public buildings in San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Armstrong-Toro was one of Ponce&#39;s most distinguished citizens as well. He was one of the first bankers in Puerto Rico, founder of the Banco de Ponce and the Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño. Mr. Armstrong-Toro developed an international banking network with offices in Puerto Rico, Cuba, the United States, and Denmark. As a result of his extensive financial relations with the Danish government, Mr. Armstrong was conferred the high honor of the "Danabru Order" of Denmark and was named Danish Consul to Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally speaking, the Armstrong-Toro Residence is significant in the history of Ponce because it is one of Domenechs most distinguished eclectic designs and probably the best known. Its unique caryatid-framed main entrance, its intricate ornamental details and its location upon the most prominent lot in the city of Ponce (across from the Cathedral and public plaza) have made this house a true architectural landmark in the citys traditional urban core. As a result, many houses were built during the early 20th century with similar elements in a similar vocabulary, contributing to the unique historic district of Ponce.</p><br>
<h2>Physical appearance</h2><br>
<p>Residencia Armstrong-Poventud is a two-story masonry building on the westside of Calle Union (No. 9), directly in front of the Cathedral and Plaza of the historic urban center of Ponce. The almost-cubic proportions of the facade are articulated in three bays: 2 wider bays flanking a central, narrower entrance bay.</p><br>
<p>At the ground level, a pink-stone plinth serves as a podium for the one story eclectic pilasters at the north and south extremes of the facade and for the two caryatids, which flank the main entrance and define the three bays of the facade. The central entrance arch cuts the podium and houses intricately carved hardwood doors and a stained-glass fanlight protected by decorative wrought iron railings. Bays 1 and 3 both consist of paired arches, located above the podium and articulated in an ionic pilaster order. Each arch-window houses folding jalousie shutters.</p><br>
<p>At the upper level there are four Ionic pilasters with pedestals resting on a continuous horizontal string-course. The three openings are symmetrically arranged and equally proportioned and articulated: a simple surround with a keystone frames a wide arch, opening out to a balcony through wooden jalousie doors. Decoratively etched clear glass lights occupy the tympanym over each opening. The first and third bay balconies contain waist-high decorative cast-iron railings and the wider central balcony consists of stone balusters and rails supported by the caryatid figures of the ground floor. A full-entablature cornice and solid parapet cap the facade composition. Roman-style amphorae on the parapet, above each pilaster, serve as finials for each bay division.</p><br>
<p>At the northern end of the structure, a concrete port-cochere enclosed by decorative wrought-iron railings projects from the upper level floor line, creating a side terrace for the upper floor.</p><br>
<p>The house is very simple in plan and elegant in execution. The main entrance accesses a foyer with steps leading up to the major circulation hall through wooden and stained-glass double-doors. A sweeping stairway, toward the back of the house on the left side of the hall accesses the second floor, which is similar in plan to the first. All floors within the house are parquet and ceilings are of hand-painted decorative pressed metal. The floors were installed during the last restoration and the pressed-metal ceilings are all original.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the disastrous earthquake of 1918, the structure&#39;s northern wall had fallen and was subsequently reconstructed according to the original plans. The concrete-vaulted port-cochere was added at that time. Aside from this latter addition, the Armstrong-Toro house maintains the exact architecture of the original design.</p><br>
<h2>Acquisition and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (ICP) acquired the building from the descendents of the original owners. Some of the original furniture and personal items of the home were included in the acquisition, as the Armstrong family lived the house uninterrupted for eight decades. The ICP restored the building on two occasions: in the 1980s and then again from 2006 to 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Almost all the furniture and utensils from that era are still in place, as well as paintings and pictures belonging the original owners of this grand old home located directly in front of Our Lady of Guadalupe Cathedral, in the town square. The house is easy to spot thanks to the two caryatids in the front of the house and its overall neoclassic architectural style. With its gorgeous, neoclassical facade, the Casa Armstrong-Poventud is among the most stately and elegant houses in Ponce. Built in 1900 as the home for this Scottish banker, the house served as the regional office of the ICP for 15 years. Casa Armstrong-Poventud building is a magnificent example of the neoclassical architectural heritage of the island. The Residence was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>The Casa Armstrong-Poventud Museum is an example of the main Belle-Époque (English: "The Beautiful Epoch"), a French term that is used to describe a long period in European history noted for peace, political stability, and industrial progress. Started around the middle of the 19th century and ran up to World War I. This period of great prosperity coincided with Englands Queen Victorias kingdom (1837–1901) during which industrial and artistic greatness were promoted with such a success that it also came to be known as the Victorian Era.</p><br>
<h3>European fairs</h3><br>
<p>Unlike previous eras, the level of artistic and industrial prosperity reached during the Belle Époque was such that it reached the masses, in Europe as well as in the Americas. Important exhibitions marked this progress. There was one in England in 1851, and various others followed in various other major cities. There was for example another one in Paris in 1855 that brought about an even larger number of attendees, unprecedented in the history of mankind: 5,100,000 people coming from virtually every existing country. In 1878, Paris celebrated another Fair yet where the telephone and the light bulb were shown for the first time. The city was first lit during this 1878 Paris Fair.</p><br>
<h3>Ponce 1882 fair</h3><br>
<p>Ponce had its own fair in 1882. It was dedicated to agriculture, commerce, industry and the arts. Just like Paris four years earlier, Ponce was also illuminated on the first day of the Ponce Fair: Plaza Las Delicias, the Unión Mercantil building, the Ponce Casino and some of the most majestic homes in the Majestic City, such as the Armstrong Residence.</p><br>
<h3>Ponce's majestic residences</h3><br>
<p>The economic affluence in Ponce during the second half of the 19th century was due to great wealth from sugarcane plantations. This made possible the construction of various public works such as the Teatro La Perla, the Ponce aqueduct, and several majestic homes, like Armstrong Puventud Home. The home of Señor Carlos W. Armstrong Toro and lady Eulalia Pou, now known as the Armstrong-Poventud Residence, represents this wealth despite the restrictive colonial Spanish government of the Island at the time.</p><br>
<h3>Personal life of Señor Armstrong</h3><br>
<p>Señor Carlos Walter Armstrong Toro established his wealth on the agricultural prosperity the Island experienced: first as businessman, later as a banker, and finally as a politician. Mr. Carlos Armstrong Toro has an import/export business that exposed him to the great cities of the world and put him in touch of the architectural styles of the day. He was, for example, a partner in a New York City business. In addition, he was also the Danish consul in Ponce. It was with this background that he ordered th construction of his home in Ponce. Señor Armstrong Toro married lady Eulalia Pou Carreras, on January 11, 1868. Doña Eulalia Pou was herself from a wealthy Ponce family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture of the residence</h2><br>
<p>The Museum at Casa Armstrong Poventud presents the latest architectural and artistic taste in vogue at the end of the 19th century in Europe. For example, heavy use of glass on doors and windows. The glass decor used in the front door of the residence, for instance, is almost identical to those used in the Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations in England years earlier. The floral and natural motifs in the residence, are also characteristic of those comprising the new artistic expression of the Victorian Era evident in Europe and the United States in the first decades of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Front door entrance</h3><br>
<p>The front door is an excellent example of doors characteristic of the Victorian era. It achieved two purposes: decorative but also to allow the passage of natural daylight. Almost all the doors in this Museum have unique majestic-style characteristics not found in doors in the capital city of San Juan, where doors are considerably simpler. The residence displays a harmonious appreciation for the style, as much by the architects as by the owners, of the Belle Époque.</p><br>
<h3>Cariatides</h3><br>
<p>The "cariátides" (caryatids) statues used by architect Manuel V. Domenech for the front of the house were not the classical ones, but modernized adaptations of the classical ones. They do not display the solemn expression of the traditional ones, but smiling young people with a modern hairdo and displaying body motion. Even the pedestal on which the status lay has an Art-Nouveau style.</p><br>
<h3>Interior details</h3><br>
<p>The interior furniture and other items are also Victorian. The Residence emphasizes a multiplicity of styles in its interior, not just different epochs, but also different countries: Chinese jar, Victorian lamps, Art-Nouveau, and Austrian glass chandeliers.</p><br>
<h3>Electrical and plumbing design</h3><br>
<p>Mr. Manuel Victor Domenech used a variety of architectural elements from various epochs in a unique creative manner. He used, for example the most advanced objects of residential utility of the time such as electricity, bathroom and kitchens that functioned with an automatic plumbing system, to create a structure characteristics of the end of the Victorian era, known as Modernism. There is heavy use of electric light bulb lamps at a time when over 90% of the population of Puerto Rico used no electricity or plumbing.</p><br>
<h2>Overall</h2><br>
<p>The overall impression of the residence is one displaying a new appearance of modernism. It has both Victorian and modernistic elements in it, approaching details seen in Belgium, New York City, Chicago, and London at the time. The resulting style is one of modernistic Victorian architecture.</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church of Otto, now known as the Medora Ball Historical Museum, is a historic Congregational church building located at Otto in Cattaraugus County, New York. It was built in 1861 and is in a vernacular Italianate style. The building served as a hub of religious and social life in this rural community. An original steeple was removed in 1917 after being severely damaged by a tornado. The church underwent a major remodeling in 1925. The last regular church service was held in 1946. In 1969, the building was deeded to the Cattaraugus Area Historical Society. It was renamed in 1994 the Medora Ball Historical Museum, after the Otto town historian.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Ethipothala Falls is a 70 ft high river cascade, situated in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh India. Located on the Chandravanka river, which is a tributary of River Krishna joining on its right bank. The waterfall is a combination of three streams namely Chandravanka Vagu, Nakkala Vagu and Tummala Vagu. It is situated about 11 km from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The river then joins the Krishna river after the dam after travelling about 3 km from the falls. A strategic view point was created by Andhra Pradesh Tourism Department from the adjacent hillock. There are Ranganatha and Dattatreya temples in the vicinity. There is a crocodile breeding centre in the pond formed by the water fall. Water from the Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal is released in to the above streams to keep the water fall alive or flowing throughout the year for tourism purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Meaning(etymology) of Ethipothala and Confusion</h2><br>
<p>The etymology - name of the falls Ethipothala is derived from "eththi", and "potha" Telugu Language means to "lift and pour".</p><br>
<p>Alternatively it could also have been possibly derived from "eththu" (1.noun form of the verb eththi - lifting, and 2.also the great height from which the water falls) and "potha", meaning the downpour as in kundapotha, connoting the downpour of water from a great height.</p><br>
<p>Incidentally the word ethipothala is also a terminology coined in Telugu for Lift Irrigation. It is a misnomer for the people assume that "Ethipothala Falls" are part of Lift Irrigation Scheme. As far as "Ethipothala Falls" are concerned it has nothing to do with Government&#39;s "Ethipothala Padhakam".</p><br>
<p>The reasons for this confusion is because</p><br>
<p>- The administration and media in AP widely use the term "Ethipothala Padhakam" to refer to Lift Irrigation Scheme (LIS).</p><br>
<p>- Both terms are related to water bodies like rivers, falls, canals etc.</p><br>
<p>- There is a Major Irrigation Project Nagarjuna Sagar located very nearby Ethipothala Falls. This gives a scope for people to assume that these falls are part of that project, though that project does not do any activity of LIS.</p><br>
<p>There are two popular things which are referred to as "Ethipothala" in Andhra Pradesh state.</p><br>
<p>Ethipothala Padhakam: This is Government&#39;s Lift Irrigation Scheme (LIS). The administration and media in Andhra Pradesh translate "Lift Irrigation Scheme" from English in to Telugu as "Ethipothala Padhakam".</p><br>
<p>Ethipothala Falls: The name of waterfall described in this page.</p><br>
<p>The confusion:</p><br>
<h3>Photos</h3><br>
<p>The Ponce City Hall  is located on Calle Degetau, across from Plaza Las Delicias in the Ponce Historic Zone in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The building serves as the seat of the executive branch of government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, including the office of the Mayor of Ponce. It is the oldest colonial building in the city, dating to 1840. The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Casa Alcaldía de Ponce-City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ponce City Hall has one of the most unusual histories of any city hall throughout the world, because it was a jail until the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The last public hanging on the island happened in its courtyard. It has been visited by four USA presidents, and three of them actually gave a speech from the City Hall&#39;s front balcony: Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin Roosevelt. George H. W. Bush visited, as well.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the building started in 1844 and was completed in 1847. Engineering and architectural design for the building was directed by Francisco Gil Capó under the oversight of Mayor Salvador de Vives. The facade is said to be constructed of "simple but elegant lines." Its large front facade clock was acquired in England in 1877 at the time the city was given its city charter by Queen Isabel II of Spain. The interior has two courtyards designed in the typical architecture of the time and a spacious stairway leads to the main hall of the Municipal Legislature and the office of the mayor.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>By 1848, the population of the Spanish settlement at Ponce had grown sufficiently to merit recognition as a city by Queen Isabel II. The construction of the City Hall coincides with this decree, thus qualifying the building as a landmark to the founding of Ponce.</p><br>
<p>As the first gobernmental structure in the city, the building incorporates elements designed to display its authoritative role. In fact, the design is contemporary to the 1848 addition to the Royal Palace (La Fortaleza) in San Juan and displays defensive, military characteristics, such as the buttressed street wall, similar to those of the Fortaleza. Most importantly, the vocabulary utilized is purely the Neoclassical Isabelino of the Spanish 19th century, representative of the works performed by the Royal Corps of Engineers of Spain and satisfying the demands of the growing aristocratic population of Ponce.</p><br>
<p>According to the Laws of the Indies, established in the 16th century to regulate the colonization of towns in the Americas, a settlement was to be planned around a central plaza, with the Holy Catholic church facing westward and the town hall or "Cabildo" (seat of government power) either opposite or adjacent, emphasizing the major and joint role of the church and state in Hispanic society. Located at the southern fringe of the plaza, at the center of the block between Calle Marina and Calle Cristina, the City Hall dominates the street wall between buildings of similar character and demonstrates faithfully the Spanish concept of the urban plaza. Although the interior has been altered during the 20th century in response to the growing needs of the municipal government, the exterior has maintained its individual and contextual integrity. Along with the Catedral de Nuestra Senora de la Guadalupe in the town plaza, the Ponce City Hall forms an essential element of the urban concept of plaza in Ponce, a Spanish colonial town flourishing during the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Physical appearance</h2><br>
<p>The building is an attached, plastered masonry structure at the south side of the Plaza Degetau, occupying a lot at the center of the block between Calle Marina and Calle Cristina. The building&#39;s neoclassical austerity and strong symmetrical character are typical of 19th-century Spanish civil architecture.</p><br>
<p>The main facade consists of two stories, divided into five bays: a three bay central section flanked by and only slightly projecting single-bay section on either side. At the ground level, a very distinctive feature of the City Hall is the continuous, projecting water table which creates the appearance of a fortification wall. The central entrance consists of a wide rectangular void, framed by an elliptical archivolt molding. This composition is emphasized by a frontispiece consisting of flanking pairs of banded pilasters supporting decorative brackets which, in turn, support a balustered balcony accessed through the second level. The single bay sections have smooth rustication only at the ground floor, terminating at a continuous string course which divides this level from the upper.</p><br>
<p>All openings other than the main entrance and the second and fourth bays at ground level are articulated with full-height, wooden, double doors with louvre panels. The central entrance houses decorative, wrought-iron railings and its flanking windows begin at a height of approximately four feet. At the upper level bays, baluster rails create balconettes. Planar surrounds frame the window openings, extending above to incorporate separate architrave moldings.</p><br>
<p>A continuous cornice and parapet extend across the facade. A pedimented frontispiece composed of a clock, flanked by pairs of small pairs of Tuscan pilasters, capped by an entablature and supported at either side by a scroll element emphasizes the central bay above the running cornice. In addition, a weather vane rises up above the pediment, further strengthening the symmetrical quality of the facade.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>In addition to government offices, the Ponce City hall today is the common location for a number of other activities and events, including the famous annual Ponce Carnival</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It fronts onto the Plaza Las Delicias, the town square of Ponce, which contains the historic Parque de Bombas and the Ponce Cathedral. The street it is on is called Calle Degetau.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the property was bounded to the North, 27.16 meters long, by Villa and Comercio streets; to the South, 27.10 meters long, by Luna Street; to the West, 75.00 meters long, by the properties of Moscoso Brothers and a lot owned by Mario Mercado Succession (Estate); and to the East, 79.10 meters long, by the properties Sanchez Frasquero Succession (Estate) and a lot owned by Ponce Municipal Government.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 1905 the Ponce City Hall stood above all other surrounding structures. Todays Ponce City Hall complex includes the adjacent buildings of Moscoso and El Cometa. The Legislature of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce occupies the old El Cometa building which during the 20th century was home to one of Ponces largest general stores. The Moscoso addition is used by executive offices of the Mayor. The original city hall building is now (in 2010) bounded West by the old Moscoso building which has since been incorporated as Ponce Municipal Government offices, and bounded East by the old El Cometa building which has since also been incorporated by the Municipal Government to become the headquarters of the Legislature of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce.</p><br>
<p>The Museo de la Masacre de Ponce  is a museum and historic building in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It depicts the history and events surrounding the Ponce Massacre, which occurred in broad daylight on Palm Sunday in 1937. The museum is housed inside the building where the event itself occurred, with one of its sections devoted to the Nationalist leader, Pedro Albizu Campos. It also documents the blacklisting of Puerto Rican Nationalists performed by the United States, as well as hosting a considerable number of photos from the Nationalist era.</p><br>
<p>The museum is listed in the USA National Register of Historic Places in as Casa de la Masacre (the Massacre House).</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>After the USA invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898, the island&#39;s political status within the USA became a subject of ardent conversation within Puerto Rican political circles. A number of political parties sprung up as a result, with platforms based on their desired relationship to the USA</p><br>
<p>The three basic party options were independence, statehood, and commonwealth. The "commonwealth" option was a hybrid status of alleged local autonomy, while still being a territory of the USA The independence movement came to be symbolized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.</p><br>
<h3>Winship's persecution</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1930s, concurrent with the growing sentiment for Nationalism and independence in Puerto Rico, USA president Franklin D. Roosevelt assigned a new governor for the island: a former USA Army General named Blanton Winship.</p><br>
<p>General Winship recruited a USA military intelligence officer (and scion of the Riggs National Bank) named E. Francis Riggs as his Chief of Police and governed for five years (1934–1939). During this time he engaged in "an open struggle against the Nationalist Party and a direct persecution of its leadership." Consistent with this open and intense political hostility, "in October 1935 the State Police in the town of Rio Piedras murdered four party members" at the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras, a neighboring town next to San Juan. This was known as the Rio Piedras Massacre.</p><br>
<p>According to Jose E. Ayoroa Santaliz in his work Museo Casa de la Masacre de Ponce: En conmemoracion del Primer Cincuentenario de la Masacre de Ponce (Ponce Massacre Museum: March 2011), page 2, the Insular Ponce "assassinated" the four men in a pre-meditated fashion and under the direction of the USA-appointed Puerto Rico police chief the American colonel Francis Riggs. "The Nationalists responded by killing the State Chief of Police, Colonel Francis Riggs, on February 23, 1936." The two young Nationalists responsible were captured and executed at the police barracks in San Juan without a trial, with no law enforcement officer ever being brought to trial for their executions.</p><br>
<p>Riggs death provoked General Winships outrage. He ordered police raids on every Nationalist Party office in the entire island, with the express purpose of finding evidence that would incriminate the party members in the assassination of Police Chief Riggs - however, no evidence was ever found.</p><br>
<p>Despite the absence of any evidence, Winships government brought charges of "sedition" against Albizu Campos and the other party leaders. Albizu Campos and the others were found not guilty by a jury consisting mostly of native Puerto Ricans. However, General Winship arranged for a retrial to take place, this time with a 10-2 majority of North Americans on the jury. Conviction was handily achieved, sentencing Albizu to ten years and the others to six years in the Atlanta federal penitentiary. The elimination of the partys leadership, however, stopped neither the Nationalist militancy nor Winship&#39;s repression, a situation that resulted in the violent event that took place in Ponce in 1937.</p><br>
<h3>The parade</h3><br>
<p>The Ponce Committee of the Nationalist Party had its headquarters at 32 Marina Street. This was a corner property that bordered Aurora Street, and had been used as the committee&#39;s meeting hall for over 10 years. In 1937, the local committee made plans for the annual celebration of the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, which had taken place on March 22, 1873. The date chosen for the 64th anniversary commemoration of the abolition of slavery was March 21, 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Nationalists had received a permit for the parade, which was to take place on Palm Sunday, from Ponce Mayor José Tormos Diego&#39;s office. But at the eleventh hour, Governor Winship instructed the new Insular Police Chief, Colonel Enrique de Orbeta, to contact Mayor Tormos and have him cancel the parade permit. He also ordered Orbeta to increase the police force in the southern city, and to stop, "by any means necessary," any demonstration conducted by the Nationalists in Ponce.</p><br>
<h3>The massacre</h3><br>
<p>The permit was revoked the very same morning of the activity, but the Party refused to cancel the parade and instructed its participants to form as planned in front of their club house and move on with the activity. The group of participants consisted of the male members of the Cadets of the Republic, the female "Daughters of the Republic" group, and a small music band. These - together with their families, friends, and local bystanders - started to assemble around the club house in preparation for the midday parade. Simultaneous with this, some 150 well-armed Insular Police officers positioned themselves strategically so as to encircle the demonstrators.</p><br>
<p>Tomás López de Victoria, Captain of the Ponce cadets was in charge of the cadets in the parade. Moments before the march began, police Captain Soldevilla walked up and ordered López de Victoria to keep the cadets from marching. López de Victoria ordered the cadet band to play La Borinqueña, (the Puerto Rican national anthem), and told his Cadets to start their march.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that a shot was fired by the police to instigate an incident, and to provide an alibi for opening fire on the unarmed Palm Sunday marchers. The police unleashed a fusillade of gunfire into the defenseless crowd. This included fifteen to twenty policemen shooting Thompson.45 machine guns (Tommy Guns) for a full ten minutes, wounding almost 200 people and immediately killing fourteen. Five more died as a result of their wounds during the next few days.</p><br>
<h3>The investigation</h3><br>
<p>The violent incident in Ponce shook the entire population of the Island despite their political differences. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) came to Puerto Rico and formed a commission consisting of well-respected citizens to investigate the incident, with Dr. Arthur Garfield Hays, President of the ACLU, as the Commission&#39;s president. After months of investigation that ACLU commission determined "that Governor Winship was directly responsible for the incident; that the Nationalists were exercising their basic right of freedom of speech and association; and that the killing of defenseless party members and by-standers had to be recognized as a "massacre."</p><br>
<p>The afternoon of March 21, 1937, became "one of the saddest" and the most violent day in the Puerto Rican political struggle for independence.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Ponce Massacre Museum is the two-story house at the intersection of Marina and Aurora streets where the events took place. It is a brick masonry and wood building. The Historic Archives of the Municipality of Ponce show a residence at that location as far back as 1886. However the present building, and the building occupied by the Nationalist Party, dates from the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>By 1906 the owners of the property contracted Blas Silva, a well-known civil engineer from Ponce, (Casa Salazar, Casa Wiechers-Villaronga) to design a new facade and interior arrangement for the property. The renovations were completed in 1910, but they followed Blas&#39; design in part only.</p><br>
<h3>Evolution of the museum</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the 1937 Ponce Massacre, the owners were Francisco de Jesus y Graciela Toro Vendrell. In 1945 the property was sold to Juan Riera Ginard and Carmen M. Toro de Riera, who never occupied the house but instead used it as a source of rental income. The house was rented out in two units: the first floor as commercial space and the second floor as residential unit.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Puerto Rico Legislature passed Joint Resolution Number 2951, designating the property a national historic landmark. In 1988 the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture purchased the property, reconditioned it, and subsequently converted it into the Museo de la Masacre de Ponce. The architectural style is Vernacular Creole.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation and re-opening</h3><br>
<p>The museum was temporarily shut in 2006 for restoration and repairs. Subsequent to a $275,000 renovation, the museum re-opened in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Compton Creek is a major tributary of the Los Angeles River in and surrounding Compton in Los Angeles County, California. The stream drains a watershed of 42.1 square miles. and is the last major tributary to enter the Los Angeles River before it reaches the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The stream begins just east of South Main Street between 107th and 108th Streets in Los Angeles. Compton Creek passes through Willowbrook and runs 8.5 mi in total. Most of its route is encased in a concrete flood control channel. Shortly after it passes under West Greenleaf Boulevard, it changes to an earth-bottom section with riprap banks. Joined near its end by East Compton Creek, the creek ultimately empties into the Los Angeles River just south of Del Amo Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings and tributaries</h2><br>
<p>From mouth to source (year built in parentheses):</p><br>
<p>*Branches from the Los Angeles River</p><br>
<p>*Interstate 710 Long Beach Freeway (1953)</p><br>
<p>*East Del Amo Boulevard (1954)</p><br>
<p>*South Santa Fe Avenue (1950)</p><br>
<p>*East Compton Creek branches</p><br>
<p>**Railroad Spur</p><br>
<p>**State Route 91 Artesia Feeway (now Gardena Freeway) (1974)</p><br>
<p>**East Artesia Boulevard and Santa Fe Avenue (1956)</p><br>
<p>**South Tartar Lane (????)</p><br>
<p>**East Greenleaf Blvd (1963)</p><br>
<p>**Disappears underground</p><br>
<p>*Railroad</p><br>
<p>*South Hanson Street (now South Alameda Street) (1937)</p><br>
<p>*State Route 91 Artesia Feeway (now Gardena Freeway) (1974)</p><br>
<p>*East Artesia Boulevard (1956)</p><br>
<p>*South Auto Drive - twin bridges (1980)</p><br>
<p>*Emily Berreth Memorial Parking Lot (1969)</p><br>
<p>*North Auto Drive(1980)</p><br>
<p>*Metro Blue Line</p><br>
<p>*West Gulliver Boulevard (now West Greenleaf Boulevard) (1963)</p><br>
<p>*South Acacia Avenue (former or planned crossing)</p><br>
<p>*West Caldwell Street Pedestrian Bridge</p><br>
<p>*South Oleander Avenue (1938)</p><br>
<p>*West Raymond Street (former or planned crossing)</p><br>
<p>*North Dean Darrah Boulevard (1994)</p><br>
<p>*West Alondra Boulevard (1938)</p><br>
<p>*West Compton Boulevard (1938)</p><br>
<p>*North Wilmington Avenue (1938)</p><br>
<p>*West Bartlett Street Pedestrian Bridge</p><br>
<p>*North Kemp Avenue (former or planned crossing)</p><br>
<p>*West Rosecrans Avenue (1938)</p><br>
<p>*West Cressey Street</p><br>
<p>*East Hopeless Street</p><br>
<p>*North Parmelee Avenue/North Slater Avenue Pedestrian Bridge</p><br>
<p>*West El Segundo Boulevard (1948)</p><br>
<p>*West Billy Bergen Boulevard (1997)</p><br>
<p>*East 120th Street (formerly McElroy Lane, 1996) (1953)</p><br>
<p>*Helman de la Stephen&#39;s Pedestrian Avenue (1960)</p><br>
<p>*East 118th Street (1984)</p><br>
<p>*Interstate 105 Glen Anderson Freeway including Metro Green Line and ramps (1988)</p><br>
<p>*South Central Avenue & State Route 90 East Imperial Highway (1952)</p><br>
<p>*East 114th Street (1951)</p><br>
<p>*East Erik Uri Crosswalk (1994)</p><br>
<p>*East Lanzit Avenue (1953)</p><br>
<p>*Fedele Railroad Line (1989)</p><br>
<p>*Clovis Avenue (1999)</p><br>
<p>*McKinley Avenue (1952)</p><br>
<p>*Avalon Boulevard & East 108th Street (1950)</p><br>
<p>*South San Pedro Street (1952)</p><br>
<p>*Disappears Underground</p><br>
<h2>Environmental catastrophe</h2><br>
<p>A 2009 study conducted at the University of Southern California&#39;s Dornsife School&#39;s Department of Earth Sciences noted Compton Creek&#39;s marked water contamination and unprecedented quantity and variety of pollutants. Professor Ryan Millsap was quoted in the study&#39;s abstract, "I can state unequivocally that Compton Creek was, during the 1950&#39;s, the most polluted creek ever to be studied by the U.S. Department of the Interior." A seminal study at the intersection of Earth Sciences and Critical Studies, Professor Gustafson reports that the Watts riots of 1965 came in part as a response to oppressed people&#39;s inability to find housing outside of polluted areas, whence the creek was cited as a prime example.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>*West Poplar Street was renamed West Bartlett Street in 2007 after a fire burned down an animal shelter. The street was renamed in the honor of a fireman who saved more than 10 dogs and 6 cats during the emergency.</p><br>
<p>Stanley Palace is at 83 Watergate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. Built as a town house for Sir Peter Warburton in 1591, it has since been apartments, a boys&#39; school, and a museum.</p><br>
<p>The building, which is currently owned by Cheshire West and Chester council, is administered by the Friends of Stanley Palace. It is used as an office and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stanley Palace was built in 1591 She married Sir Thomas Stanley who gave his name to the house. After the Civil Wars James Stanley (The 7th Earl) was held under arrest at the house, and transported to Bolton for execution. Part of the house was demolished and the southwest wing was rebuilt in the early 18th century. The house was given to Chester Corporation in 1928. The north wing was rebuilt in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is timber-framed on an ashlar sandstone plinth in two storeys. The south wall is brick and the roofs are slate. There are four gables on the east face and three on the north face which overlooks the street. On the ground floor there is a door on the east face and mullioned windows on both faces. The upper storey is jettied with a moulded bressumer. In each bay of the upper storey on both faces is a ten-light mullioned and transomed window, each of which contains leaded lights. Below and to the sides of these windows are panels, most of which are decorated. In the gables are wavy herringbone struts. At the top of each gable is a finial.</p><br>
<p>Cataractonium  was a fort and settlement in Roman Britain. The settlement evolved into Catterick, located in North Yorkshire, England.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Cataractonium likely took its name form the Latin word cataracta meaning either "waterfall" or "portcullis". Some linguists have suggested that this was a misinterpretation of an original Brittonic placename meaning " battle ramparts". The name is attested as Cataractonium in two 2nd-century Vindolanda tablets. The British section of the 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary mentions Catterick three times, but declines it variously as Cataractoni and Cataractone, implying the scribe considered it a 3rd-declension name. It is spelled Caturactonium (Κατουρακτόνιον, Katouraktónion) in Ptolemy&#39;s Geography and misspelled Cactabactonion in the Ravenna Cosmography. The name was spelled Cetrecht, Cetrehtan, and Cetrettun by Bede in the 7th century and Catrice in the Domesday Book compiled around 1086.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>There is considerable evidence for Pre-Roman activity in the environs of the eventual Roman settlement. Evidence on both sides of the Swale suggests both Bronze Age and Iron Age activity. The Bronze Age remains take the form of a chambered cairn some 500m south-east of Catactonium, a ceramic vessel 200m north and a bronze rapier 150 north-east. The cairn has associated domestic occupation which continues into the Iron Age in the form of a multi-period roundhouse.</p><br>
<p>Though there is no definitive date for the building of the fort, it is likely to have been around 70 during the governorship of Q. Petillius Cerialis to support the campaign of Agricola in Scotland. It was also likely to have been in use during the Brigantes revolt in 155 under the governorship of Gn. Julius Verus. The first site appeared to be little more than a timber hill fort, but the later and bigger settlement was constructed in stone and had a civilian population too.</p><br>
<h2>Military</h2><br>
<p>No direct evidence exists of which military units may have been stationed at the fort, but it is likely that an auxiliary unit from Bremetenacum Veteranorum (Ribchester) would have been posted here. Tiles found nearby were stamped BSAR. This would suggest that over the years of occupation, soldiers from the Ala II Asturum, Numerus Equitatum Sarmatarum and Cuneus Sarmatarum armies were used as detachments for the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Among the artifacts excavated at the site was a theatrical mask, suggesting there may have been a theatre or small amphitheatre.</p><br>
<p>In one of the large cemetery groups, a unique group of fist-and-phallus pendants, dating to AD 160-200 were discovered in the grave of an infant.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>A 1995 project that mapped the site from the air, located at least sixteen identifiable buildings and the partial remains of several others. These were likely to have been shops.</p><br>
<h3>Roads</h3><br>
<p>Cataractonium was a crossroads where the road north from Eboracum (York) and Isurium (Aldborough) split into Dere Street running 12 Roman miles northeast to Vinovium (Binchester) and the Roman equivalent of Watling Street running 16 or 18 Roman miles northwest to Lavatrae (Bowes). These roads communicated with and supplied Hadrian&#39;s and the Antonine Wall.</p><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>The fort was located to the south of the River Swale. The early fort was used as a marching camp for patrols in the area and as defence for the trunk road&#39;s bridgehead.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological remains</h2><br>
<p>Little can be seen above ground as most of the area is now covered by Catterick Racecourse and the A1(M) road. The most visible is a section of wall. There was evidence of at least four altars of worship. They were dedicated to Veterus, an ancient German ancestral god, Suria, another name for Ceres, the third to Matribus Domesticae, the mother goddess of the house and lastly to an unnamed god of roads and pathways.</p><br>
<p>The 1995 aerial study of the area around Catterick, identified several possible remains in and around the site of the Roman fort. On the north banks of the river are crop marks running parallel to the course of Dere Street that could be a wall. The same survey also confirmed the existence of a temporary fort about a quarter of a mile east of the main camp. The north and east walls have been identified, but the west part of the camp now lies under the nearby racecourse. The north wall is about 540 ft in length with a gate and traverse, whilst the east wall is about 850 ft long. The walls are connected by a curved structure. Some of the early excavations unearthed two carved stone lions, an aureus of Nero, two cruciform gilt Saxon fibulae and a very large Bronze urn. The buildings that have been uncovered range from the second century to the third. There is evidence that the entire layout of the camp was altered in the fourth century.</p><br>
<p>An excavation by Sir William Lawson around 1840 revealed the foundations to the walls of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in 2014-2016, as part of a scheme of improvements on the A1 road have recorded thousands of additional artifacts from the Roman town.</p><br>
<p>Agate Lake is a reservoir located 1,510 ft above sea level in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It is 13 mi northeast of Medford,</p><br>
<p>just north of Roxy Ann Peak. The lake is formed by the 86 ft tall Agate Dam, which impounds Dry Creek, in the Rogue River watershed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Agate Dam was authorized in 1962, started in 1965, and completed in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The 86 ft tall earthfill embankment dam was completed by the Talent Division of the Rogue River Basin Project, impounding Dry Creek. Two canals were also built, diverting water from nearby Antelope Creek and Little Butte Creek. A boat ramp, four pit toilets, a picnic area, and a parking lot were also built. All but the boat ramp and parking lot have been removed due to excessive vandalism. There are three parking areas one on the north west side and two on the east side of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>Agate Lake receives approximately 23 in of precipitation annually. Temperatures average from highs of 89 &deg;F in the summer to lows of 22 &deg;F in the winter. The average wind speed in the area is 10 to 15 mph.</p><br>
<p>Agate Lake has an average surface area of 216 acre, and an average volume of 4,782 acre.ft. It is located 1,510 ft above sea level, although the water level fluctuates as much as 25 ft throughout the year. It has approximately 3 mi of shoreline. The spillway has a capacity of 3,300 ft3/s.</p><br>
<p>Agate Dam is 86 ft tall, 25 ft wide, and 3,800 ft long.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Dry Creek was intermittent prior to the construction of Agate Dam, and did not have any significant fish population. Upstream (to the south of Agate Lake) trees such as willows, cottonwoods, and alders grow in Dry Creek&#39;s riparian zone. To the north of Agate Lake blackberries, willows, alders, madrones, white oaks, and ponderosa pine inhabit this zone.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation on the west side of the lake is mostly oak savanna, with many white oak and madrone trees. The most commons shrubs include buckbrush and occasionally poison oak. The south side consists of mainly grassland. Invasive species such as star thistle, cheat grass, and teasel have invaded these areas. To the northwest is more grassland, featuring vernal pools in the spring. When filled, the pools are a known habitat for a threatened species of fairy shrimp, (branchinecta lynchi), which can be found in the winter and early spring. The rare big-flowered woolly meadowfoam can also be found in these pools. They are endemic to the Agate Desert region.</p><br>
<p>Black-tailed deer inhabit the area in the spring, summer, and fall. Over 190 species of birds have been spotted around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Fish such as largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, bluegill, catfish, and crappie live in the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Only non motorized and electric motor boats are allowed on the Lake. Swimming, angling, rock hunting and picnicking are also popular activities.</p><br>
<p>In the late summer and early fall when the lake recedes you can find agates and petrified wood.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Parks Department estimates that approximately 5,000 people visit the lake annually.</p><br>
<p>The Perkins-Bill House is a historic house at 1040 Long Cove Road in the Gales Ferry section of Ledyard, Connecticut. It is a 1-1/2 story gambrel-roofed Cape, five bays wide, with a central chimney and three gable-roofed dormers. A recessed ell extends from the northeast end of the main block.</p><br>
<p>Built circa 1775 by Solomon Perkins, Sr., it is locally significant as a well-preserved gambrel-roofed Cape of the period, and for the role played by Perkins, his son Solomon, Jr., and Benjamin Bill, Jr., the house&#39;s next owner, in the American Revolutionary War. All three were defenders of the fort in Groton that was attacked by British forces under the overall command of Benedict Arnold in the 1781 Battle of Groton Heights.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Carpenter House, also known as the Gardiner  Carpenter House and the Red House, is a Georgian style house in Norwichtown area of Norwich, Connecticut. A house was previously on the site, but it was removed by Gardner Carpenter to construct the house in 1793. The three-story Flemish bond Georgian house&#39;s front facade consists of five bays with a gabled porch over the main entrance and supported by round columns. The gambrel roof and third story addition were added around 1816 by Joseph Huntington. In 1958, a modern one-story rear wing was added to the back of the house. The interior of the house is a center hall plan with 10 ft high ceilings and has been renovated, but retains much of its original molding, paneling and wrought iron hardware. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and added to the Norwichtown Historic District in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historical records for Gardner Carpenters life are sparse in detail, but the Vital records of Norwich, 1659-1848 Part II provide some information. Gardner Carpenter married Mary Huntington, daughter of Benjamin Huntington Jr., on October 29, 1791. Gardner and Mary Carpenter would have six children together; their first son, George, was born in 1795 and their first and only daughter, Mary Elizabeth, in 1797. Another son, Gardner Carpenter, was born in 1802 and was followed by Henry in 1804, John in 1807 and Charles in 1810. Gardiner Carpenter served as a pay master in the 17th Connecticut Regiment in the American Revolutionary War and he was the postmaster of Norwich from 1799 to 1814, shortly before his death in 1815. His wife, Mary Carpenter, died in 1838. The house was sold to Joseph Huntington after Carpenters death, who would add a third story around 1816. The house was sold again to Reverend Hiram P. Arms in 1841.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Georgian house is built on the north end of the Norwichtown green and faces East Town Street. The walls of the three-story house are made of brick laid in Flemish bond and painted a cranberry red. The front facade consist of five bays with a gabled porch over the main entrance and supported by round columns. The doorway is not original, but has a transom of six lights on top. The windows of the house are double hung six-over-six sash with the windows on the first floor have flat splayed lintels mimicking the gabled porch. The third story is also the attack and has an oversized gambrel roof that over hangs the two stories, the roof was covered with asphalt shingles at the time of its nomination in 1970. This addition of the third story was done about 1816 when the house was owned by Joseph Huntington. A modern one-story rear wing is at the back of the house, the last addition dating to 1958. Four chimneys arise from the roof of the house, with two interior chimneys and a rear chimney on the main house with a smaller fourth chimney on the one-story rear addition. The interior of the house is a typical center hall plan which retains much of its original moldings, paneling and wrought iron hardware. The 1958 addition added a 16 ft by 26 ft family room.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house comprises 3,200 ft&sup2; and was renovated sometime after its addition to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Circa 1980, the home was purchased by the Chassanoff family and underwent a historical restoration. The Chassanoffs restoration included removing the wallpaper, applying historic paint colors and stripping and refinishing the original floors wooden planks.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 6, 1970. It was made a part of the Norwichtown Historic District on January 17, 1973, but was unaccredited as a separately listed property at the time. On the district nomination the house is spelled alternatively as the "Gardner House". Luyster writes, "This is a good example of Georgian housing of the colonial period. Its value is increased because of the historical and architectural value of the buildings which surround it since it is located next to the Norwich town green which is the focal point of the historic district in that area." In 2002, the house was available for purchase and remains a private residence as of 2014.</p><br>
<p>Argonaut Peak is a tall mountain in the Cascade Range in the USA state of Washington. Part of the Stuart Range part of the Wenatchee subrange of the Cascades, it is within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness of the Wenatchee National Forest and part of the region known as The Enchantments. At 8,453 ft in elevation it is the 65th highest peak in Washington. Located on the crest between Colchuck Peak and Sherpa Peak, Argonaut Peak has a southeast and a west summit of almost identical height, with the west being the true summit. There is a prominent southeast spire. Its southern side slopes down to the valley of Ingalls Creek. The north and northeast sides of Argonaut stand high above a branch of Mountaineer Creek, a tributary of Icicle Creek. Argonaut Peak is 1.7 mi west of Isolation Lake and 1.8 mi east of Mount Stuart.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Argonaut Peak is a large bastion of clean granite rock, part of the Mount Stuart batholith.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Argonaut Peak was first summited, via the south route, in September 1955 by Lex Maxwell, Bob McCall, and Bill Prater.</p><br>
<p>The Shelburne Hotel was a resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey located at Michigan Avenue and the Boardwalk. Built and opened in 1869, the hotel was originally a wood-frame cottage. Following several expansions, under the direction of hotel manager Jacob Weikel, a modern, brick-faced, steel frame, multistory structure was constructed along Michigan Avenue at the corner with the Boardwalk. This portion of the hotel opened in 1926. The hotel was a fine example of Georgian Revival architecture and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Shelburne Hotel gained a reputation as a home to entertainers and celebrities, due to its close proximity to Atlantic City&#39;s famed Warner Theater, including among them businessman "Diamond Jim" Brady and his companion, actress and singer Lillian Russell; composer and singer George M. Cohan; British actress Lillie Langtry; composer Irving Berlin; actress Ethel Barrymore; composer and conductor John Philip Sousa; and entertainer Al Jolson.</p><br>
<p>Despite its tower addition in 1926, the Shelburne was a relatively small hotel in comparison to Atlantic City&#39;s much bigger resorts such as the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel, Traymore, and Claridge. This coupled with the Great Depression bankrupted the hotel in 1931. It would pass through a series of owners until being taken over by the United States Army during World War II, then passing into ownership of the Malamut family who briefly revived the hotels success in the 1950s with several renovation and motel expansions.</p><br>
<p>Upon the legalization of casino gambling in 1976, the Shelburne once again became hot property, as with most hotels in Atlantic City at the time. The Malamut family closed the resort in 1978 after leasing it to Japanese investors Rocky Aoki and Takashi Sasakawa, owners of the Benihana restaurant chain, who planned to keep the existing hotel as well as add a 31-story tower and casino calling it the Benihana Casino-Hotel. In 1983 work crews began to renovate the hotel, however, disagreements between the Malmut family, the New Jersey Casino Control Commission, and outside investors led Akoi and Saskawa to abandon the project after investing over $25 million in construction and renovations. Sasakawa was the son of noted Japanese fascist and philanthropist Ryoichi Sasakawa, who had links with the Yakuza. Aoki and Sasakawa had also faced charges by the Securities and Exchange Commission for insider trading in the stock of Hardwicke Companies, which had planned to manage the hotel/casino.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the site was acquired by Blumenfeld Development Corp. and the hotel was demolished. In 1986 a groundbreaking was held for the intended construction of the Carousel Club Hotel Casino (originally called Carnival Club Hotel Casino). However, the company did not obtain sufficient financing and after foreclosure the property was sold to Ballys Manufacturing Corp., which built Ballys Wild Wild West Casino in 1997.A Festive Groundbreaking For A.c.&#39;s 14th Casino-hotel By Mike Schurman, Special to The Inquirer October 30, 1986</p><br>
<p>Blumenfeld Bargaining To Avert Foreclosures On 2 Sites By Susan Warner, Inquirer Staff Writer January 30, 1989</p><br>
<p>A Casino Land Sale Reveals How A.C. Prices Have Sunk By Alison Fitzgerald and Thomas Turcol, For The Inquirer December 30, 1994</p><br>
<p>St. James Hotel in Red Wing, Minnesota is an Italianate building built in 1874-1875. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The NRHP-listed area was increased to become St. James Hotel and Buildings in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Red Wing was the worlds largest primary market for wheat in the early 1870s, with a warehouse capacity of over 1,000,000 USbsh in 1873. As a result of the citys wealth, and with a need to house businesspeople and tourists visiting the city, eleven prominent businessmen invested in the construction of the hotel. It opened with a grand ball on Thanksgiving Day, 1875. It was one of the most elaborate hotels along the Mississippi River and served the city during its heyday as a commercial center and a steamboat stop.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was purchased in 1977 by the Red Wing Shoe Company and renovated. It was also given two additions, a shopping courtyard and a new section for offices and hotel rooms. Until recently, the hotel had 61 guest rooms, each with its own unique decoration and bearing the name of a riverboat that used to travel up and down the Mississippi River. In early 2010, a new suite housed in the old Red Wing Iron Works Building was added to the hotel, bringing the number of rooms to 62.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall building in Kingston, New York, United States, is located on Broadway in the center of the city. It is a red brick building in a late Victorian architectural style dating from 1873.</p><br>
<p>It sits on what had been the boundary between the villages of Kingston and Rondout prior to their merger to form the city of Kingston. First used for governmental purposes in 1875, its design was modified after sustaining serious damage in an 1927 fire. In 1971 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the first listing in the city. The city government moved to a new building the next year, leaving the building vacant for over 20 years. After an extensive restoration in the late 20th century, the city has moved back in.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The city hall sits on a slight rise on the north side of Broadway, across from Kingston&#39;s high school and library. It is just west of Kingston Hospital. A semicircular driveway provides access.</p><br>
<p>It is three stories tall, capped by a mansard roof shingled in polychromatic slate with a dentiled brick cornice and a front bell tower, all atop a regular ashlar limestone foundation. There are nine bays in the front, seven on the sides and ten on the rear. The red brick facing on the load-bearing walls is decorated with buff brick coursework at the window lintel and sill levels. Sandstone spandrels are located beneath all third-story windows.</p><br>
<p>The recessed main entrance, on the bell tower, is flanked by engaged stone columns topped with foliated capitals, rising to an arch echoed in the window treatments in the next two stages. A griffin flanks each side. Brick porches frame the secondary entrances on the east and west. Each elevation of the roof has two dormers with hipped roofs. The tower has an open belfry with iron rails and three arches, topped by a pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the building has terrazzo floors. A large city council chamber, lit by chandeliers, on the upper floor seats 400.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The villages of Kingston, Rondout and the hamlet of Wilbur merged in 1872 to form the current city of Kingston. The new city hired architect Arthur Crooks, known primarily for his churches, to design a city hall that made a bold statement about Kingston&#39;s progress and aspirations.</p><br>
<p>Crooks was a disciple of English aestheticist John Ruskin, who had favored the revival of Italian architectural traditions in the buildings of his time. Kingston&#39;s City Hall uses many elements that Ruskin praised, in particular the polychromatic banding and towers. The building was purposely sited where the boundary between the two former villages had been, in order to symbolize the merger. It was built over two years and the city began using it for council meetings and daily business in 1875.</p><br>
<p>The original design had a complex of hipped roofs and an open belfry atop the tower. In 1927 fire destroyed the tower and severely damaged the roof. A team of architects who supervised the rebuilding changed the design to its current appearance. They also initiated major work on the interior, intended to fireproof the building. Much of this consisted of replacing structural wood with other materials. Wood flooring was replaced with terrazzo, staircases with marble, and doors were clad in metal. The chimneys were capped.</p><br>
<p>They made other major changes to the interior. The mayor&#39;s office was moved from the second floor to the first. On the third floor they built a vast council meeting room, with space for 400. More decoration was added to the walls, and ornate lights hung from the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Kingstons industrial prosperity continued throughout the 20th century, as the city transitioned from an economy based on river commerce to one built around the IBM facility just outside the city in Lake Katrine. In the late 1960s, however, the city center began to decline commercially as more residents left the city for nearby suburban areas. The city decided to move its government to a new building near the waterfront to revitalize it, and vacated Crooks building in 1972, a century after it had been commissioned.</p><br>
<p>Over the next two decades the empty building began to decay. Its facades crumbled, and the rich interior became filled with broken glass and rusted metal. The chandeliers had corroded due to water seepage, and the wall plastering was gradually becoming fine dust.</p><br>
<p>But it remained structurally sound, and residents fought to preserve it from demolition. Congregants at the Old Dutch Church saved the plaster lunettes depicting the citys history that had decorated the council chamber and stored them in the churchs basement. Eventually, a young new mayor, T.R. Gallo, came to office sharing those concerns, in 1994. After a first term of initiatives to renew the city, he was re-elected and proposed to restore City Hall and move the government back there. Council voted to authorize a bond issue in 1998, and along with private contributions and state and federal grants a total of $6.5 million was raised and spent. The building reopened in 2000, and has been occupied since then.</p><br>
<p>Bonewaldesthornes Tower is a medieval structure on the northwest corner of the city walls of Chester, Cheshire, England; Built as part of Chesters defensive system, it was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tower has been documented since 1249. It was rebuilt or altered in 1322–26 when it became the gatehouse to the Water Tower. The Chester Mechanics Institution was founded in 1835. The Institution wished to open a museum to show its artifacts and the city council leased the Water Tower and Bonewaldesthornes Tower at a nominal rent for this purpose. The museum opened in 1838. A camera obscura was installed in the tower in 1840 and an observatory in 1848. Around this time a statue of Queen Anne which had formerly been in the Exchange before it burned down was installed on the steps of the tower.</p><br>
<p>The Institution closed in 1876 and the exhibits came into the possession of the city council. Although it was recognised that the tower was not suitable as a museum, there was at the time nowhere else to show all the exhibits. The tower closed as a museum in 1901–02 while the city walls were rebuilt, and re-opened in 1903, attracting 12,000 visitors that season. The towers were closed to the public in 1916 and in the 1920s they were let for non-museum use. In 1954 they were bought by the Grosvenor Museum, which reopened them to the public in 1962. Bonewaldesthornes Tower and the adjacent Water Tower have housed a museum of the history of medicine, Sick to Death&#39;, since August 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The plan of the tower is rectangular. It is built in red sandstone coursed rubble and stands on a tall plinth. Seven steps lead up from the walkway on the city walls to an arched doorway. On the opposite side another doorway leads on to the spur wall to the Water Tower. The top of the tower is battlemented. Inside the tower is a fireplace and a closed staircase which is lit by a single slit window.</p><br>
<p>Park Square Historic District is a historic district located at Franklinville in Cattaraugus County, New York. The district encompasses the historic core of the village of Franklinville and include the landscaped village green, brickpaved streets, and the commercial or civic buildings fronting on the square or located immediately adjacent to it. Significant buildings range in date from 1828 to 1924 and reflect a variety of 19th-century and early 20th-century architectural styles including Queen Anne, Italianate, and Classical Revival styles. The village square was established in 1876. The district contains 21 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Calumet Downtown Historic District is a historic district located in Calumet, Michigan, on 5th Street and 6th Street, between Scott Street and Pine Street. It is also known as the Red Jacket Downtown Historic District, reflecting the original name of the village. The Historic District is completely contained in the Calumet Historic District  and the Keweenaw National Historical Park. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1973 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Calumet, then known as "Red Jacket," was originally settled in 1864, and was incorporated in 1867. Calumet was an offshoot of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, which mined a rich vein of copper running just south of Calumet. From 1868 through 1886, it was the leading copper producer in the United States, and from 1869 through 1876, the leading copper producer in the world.</p><br>
<p>As the fortunes of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company went, so went the fortures of Calumet. The majority of the structures in the downtown Calumet district were constructed in the years between 1880 and 1910, when the copper mining industry was at its peak. The structures reflect the progress of Calumet&#39;s fortunes as first frame, and then more substantial sandstone and brick business blocks, were built.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Calumet Downtown Historic District consists of sixty-two structures. These structures include buildings with a frame or shingle exterior, ones covered with metal sheeting, sandstone buildings, brick buildings, and those constructed of a combination of sandstone and brick. These structures define the streetscape of the downtown, with some presenting imposing facades. Most buildings are embellished with common stock elements purchased by the builders; some of these elements are used in combinations, including terra cotta trim, metal cornices, turrets, and cast iron thresholds and columns.</p><br>
<p>The copper strike in 1913 created an economic depression in the area whose effects lingered for decades. The depressed economy was favorable to preservation, and as a result few of the buildings have been altered or destroyed; in fact, many of the buildings still serve their original function. Many commercial buildings have had their facades altered, but for the most part these treatments have been</p><br>
<p>applied over original material and are reversible.</p><br>
<p>Two substantial buildings, St. Anne&#39;s Roman Catholic Church and the Calumet Opera House, anchor the district at the south and the north ends, respectively. In addition, the Calumet Fire Station, now the Upper Peninsula Fire Fighters Memorial Museum, is also located in the district.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Calumet Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses most of the village of Calumet, Michigan. The district was designated in 1989 for the communitys importance in the history of the regions copper mining industry.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries and other districts</h2><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by the Osceola Township line in the south; Osceola, Sixth, and Seventh Streets on the west; Pine, Elm, and Church Streets to the north; and the rear line of the lots east of Calumet Street on the east. The district additionally covers structures on Waterworks Street north of Pine Street to Calumet Lake and structures near and around Oak Street west of Seventh Street to Eleventh Street.</p><br>
<p>The district covers most, but not all, of the village of Calumet, Michigan, as well as surrounding residential and industrial areas. The Calumet Historic District is roughly equivalent to the Calumet Unit of the Keweenaw National Historical Park. The district wholly includes the Calumet Downtown Historic District, located along Fifth and Sixth Streets, and the Calumet and Hecla Industrial District, located west of Calumet Street. These districts are also NRHP-listed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1864, Edwin J. Hulbert discovered a copper-bearing load, later named the "Calumet Conglomerate," running through what is now the Calumet Historic District. Hulbert, who immediately garnered investors, bought the property, and established the Hulbert Mining Company. Hulbert began mining operations in the area, but his inexperience resulted in low yields and frustrated his financial backers.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, his investors replaced Hulbert with Alexander Agassiz. Under Agassizs management, the Calumet and Hecla mines rapidly increased production, and by 1870 were producing over half of the United States copper. Agassiz was the president of the newly incorporated company, a position he held until his death in 1910.</p><br>
<p>What is now the village of Calumet was settled when Hulbert began mining operations in 1864; it was originally under named "Red Jacket", after the Native American Chief of the Seneca tribe. Under newly elected Village President Joseph Asselin, the name was changed to "Calumet" in 1929. Calumet was incorporated as a town in 1867, and its fortunes grew as the nearby Calumet & Hecla Mining operations boomed.</p><br>
<p>The exploitation of the Calumet conglomerate lode running through what is now the Calumet Historic District was probably the most important development in copper mining in the US between 1867 and 1884. The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, located in the district, produced over one-half of the nation&#39;s total copper during those years. Even as late as 1882, after the discovery of copper in the western US, Calumet and Hecla still produced 63 percent of the total copper mined in the US. Although Calumet and Hecla lost its domination of the copper market in the late 1880s as western copper mines increased production, they went on an aggressive program of consolidation, and by the early years of the twentieth they again competed with the large western mines.</p><br>
<p>However, a debilitating strike in 1913-14 reduced the companies fortunes, and the combination of the Great Depression and declines in the price of copper forced the company to cease mining operations in the 1930s. The company turned to other mines, as well as reclamation of ore from mill sands to produce copper; however, the profits were never near what they were in the earlier boom years of the late 19th century. The Calumet & Hecla Company closed permanently in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Calumet Historic District are significant because of the existence of major components of the Michigan copper industry: mining and mining technology, immigration and ethnic settlement, paternalism and company towns, and labor organization. Although numerous mining companies operated in the Keweenaw Peninsula in the late 19th century, The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company had the greatest longevity, production, and influence in the Michigan industry, as well as exhibiting substantial technical innovation.</p><br>
<p>The company was one of the first to adopt steam-powered technology. By the late 1890s, the company had over fifty steam engines producing power at their mine location, with additional engines at their mill and smelter locations. In 1899, according to the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, Calumet and Hecla produced "as much power as is now being generated by the great electric plant at Niagara Falls." The plant at the surface was the largest and most efficient in tha nation, and was built to last until the lode was exhausted.</p><br>
<p>The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company exemplified a benevolent paternalistic attitude toward their workforce. The company deliberately hired family men, who were viewed as more stable and dependable than single men. C & H employees were also predominantly immigrants, who were willing to work for lower pay. The company built low-cost but sound houses for employees in Calumet, and provided services such as garbage collection, repair work, a fire department, and water supply free of charge. Calumet and Hecla also built a library and school for their employees, as well as a hospital, swimming pool, and other social and utilitarian services.</p><br>
<p>The company also made donations for the construction of multiple churches, many catering to the disparate ethnic groups brought in to work in the company mines. The early mining community reflected Upper Peninsula immigration patterns from the 1840s: the dominant group were Cornish miners, with Irish, German, French Canadian, and a few Scandinavian families mixed in. Later immigration brought Italian workers, as well as Poles, Slovenians, Croatians, and more Scandinavians, notably Finns.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<h3>Industrial Calumet</h3><br>
<p>The copper-bearing rock mined by the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company was deposited in a narrow band only one-and-a-half miles in length, running approximately where the modern Mine Street is located. Calumet & Hecla sunk fifteen shafts along the lode; although the shafthouses have all been removed, numerous other mine-related buildings still stand in the area. The overall integrity if the site is extremely high, as many of the buildings are essentially unaltered and remain in fair to excellent condition. In addition, there has been no new development on the site.</p><br>
<p>Significant remaining business and social-related structures built by the Calumet & Hecla Mning Company or its officers include structures include the company office building, town library, Alexander Agassizs home, the Miscowaubik club, the bathhouse, and the Calumet Village School. Industrial buildings include a machine shop, locomotive roundhouse, paint house, blacksmiths shop, pattern shop, pattern storage building, two warehouses, firehouse, man-engine house, steam boiler house, substation, dryhouse, gear house, and a drill house. Although railroad tracks have been removed, their location is still apparent.</p><br>
<p>The industrial buildings are of vernacular architecture, primarily constructed of sandstone or red brick with grey mine rock foundations.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial Calumet</h3><br>
<p>The main commercial section of Calumet is located northwest of the Calumet & Hecla mine location. The commercial section is accessed form the mine via Red Jacket Road, which becomes Fifth Street within the village. Fifth and Sixth Streets make up the main commercial area of Calumet. The structures here reflect the prosperous copper boom years of Calumet, as sandstone and brick business blocks were erected. These buildings are primarily rectangular, and are embellished with stock metal cornices, terra cotta trim, and cast iron thresholds and columns.</p><br>
<p>Although a few structures have been lost over time, the commercial section of Calumet retains much of its historical integrity, with unified streetscapes and well-preserved vistas. Due to depressed economic conditions. alterations of the existing buildings have been minimal.</p><br>
<h3>Religious and social Calumet</h3><br>
<p>The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company encouraged social and religious groups to found chapters in the Calumet area. The company donated land for the erection of numerous churches and halls. These included at least eight churches, as well as a Union Building for fraternal organization, and gathering places for ethnic groups. The most notable of these was the Italian Hall (now demolished), the site of the 1913 Italian Hall disaster.</p><br>
<p>Along Red Jacket Road between the commercial section of Calumet and the mine location stands a cluster of churches, as well as the Union Building. The land it was built on was leased from the Calumet & Hecla Company.</p><br>
<p>Another prominent church, still used for religious services, is St. Paul&#39;s on the corner of Eighth and Oak.</p><br>
<p>The Union Building, located on Red Jacket Road near Ste. Annes, was built in 1889 on land donated by the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company. The building originally housed the Masons and the Odd Fellows organizations, and over the years was home to more than twenty benevolent organizations. The construction of the Union Building reflects the paternalism of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company, as it selectively donated land to organizations which would shape the local culture of Calumet and the companys workers. In the Fall of 2011 the Union Building reopened to the public as the Calumet Visitor Center for</p><br>
<p>Agassiz Park, a wedge-shaped area east of the downtown and bordering on the mine property, was originally an open commons based on the Boston model. However, although some open space remains, a substantial portion of the park was developed as subsidized housing.</p><br>
<h3>Residential Calumet</h3><br>
<p>Residential sections of Calumet surround the central business district, primarily on the west and north. Many of these were built by the Calumet & Hecla Company during the copper boom years of 1870–1910, primarily in the form of single-family homes or duplexes. Many of these company homes are -story wood-frame houses, sided with clapboard or shingling, sitting on mine rock foundations and having a gabled roof. Much of the residential housing stock is relatively unchanged from original construction, save the addition of other siding materials and front porch renovations.</p><br>
<p>Houses of the more prosperous merchants also exist in Calumet, in Queen Anne, shingle, and other Victorian architectural styles. These houses are for the most part in excellent condition.</p><br>
<p>Kujūku Islands is a group of islands ranging in the west coast of Kitamatsuura Peninsula, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.</p><br>
<p>The name Kujūku-shima translates to "ninety-nine islands", though the total number of the islands is formally considered to be two hundred and eight. The whole area is designated as part of Saikai National Park.</p><br>
<p>The islands are shared between the city of Sasebo and the city of Hirado, as they dot the 25 km long saw-toothed coastline stretching between the two cities. The two biggest islands, Kuro-shima and Taka-shima, are easily accessible by ferry from the harbour of Ainoura in the north of Sasebo three times a day.</p><br>
<h2>Kuro-shima</h2><br>
<p>Kuro-shima ("Black Island"), the biggest island covering 5.3 km², has about 650 inhabitants who are mostly the descendants of Catholics who hid here to escape persecution after the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. The island church, Kuroshima Tenshudō, was built in 1902. It is one of the rare brick churches in Japan. It was declared an "Important National Heritage" in 1998. There are some well-preserved old houses on the island showing the traditional architecture.</p><br>
<p>Most of the island is covered by dense forest. There are a few paddy fields on Kuro-shima as well, some of them are terraces which are very rare in Japan. In the middle of the island, there is a school, an administration building and a shop. The small harbour of Kuro-shima is in the north of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Taka-shima</h2><br>
<p>Taka-shima ("High Island"), the second largest island covering 2.6 km², has about 250 inhabitants. Its tallest mountain is 138 m.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Linden Historic District is located in the village of Lake Linden in Houghton County, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The primary section of the district is along Calumet Street (M-26), from First to Eighth Street.</p><br>
<p>Additional structures in the district are located along Hecla and Schoolcraft Streets between First and Fourth, and nearby portions of First, Pine, Second, and Third Streets and N Avenue; three more structures are located in the 700 block of Front Street and nearby on Eighth Street.</p><br>
<p>There are 83 buildings within the district, of which 69 are contributing properties.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Lake Linden is a French Canadian community on the north end of Torch Lake. The district includes 69 contributing and 14 non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Three of the contributing properties - the Joseph Bosch Building, the First Congregational Church and the Lake Linden Village Hall and Fire Station - were previously individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), while this district was added on July 16, 2009 and the listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service&#39;s weekly list of July 24, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around what is now Lake Linden was sparsely settled until the 1860s, when the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company decided to place their stamping mill near the lake. Construction started in 1867, and by 1870, nearly 150 people were employed at the mill. The village of Lake Linden (then known as Torch Lake) was organized in 1868. In 1885 the village was incorporated as a municipality.</p><br>
<p>However, on May 20, 1887, a devastating fire completely destroyed 12 city blocks, affecting 75% of the village. In the wake of the fire, property insurance companies with heavy losses threatened to pull out of Lake Linden unless the village was made more resistant to fire. In response, the village council established a fire code, requiring buildings located within certain limits to be constructed of brick or stone, covered with metal, gravel, or slate.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Linden Historic District includes the primary business district for Lake Linden along Calumet Street as well as nearby primarily residential areas. The wide majority of the structures in the district were built between the fire of 1887 and about 1930. The buildings on Calumet Street are nearly all two-story or smaller; those that are taller are set back from the street. The smaller scale of the architecture along the street gives the downtown an open feel, creating an easy transition to the nearby residential areas.</p><br>
<h3>100-300 blocks of Calumet Street</h3><br>
<p>The buildings in the 100-300 blocks of Calumet are primarily brick and stone, reflecting the 1887 fire code. This area of the district is particularly notable for its high integrity. There are few newer infilled buildings, and the original structures in the area are substantially intact, including a number of decorative architectural features.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of notable structures in this area, including the Harris block (1887) at 118-120 Calumet), built by Captain William Harris, one of Lake Linden&#39;s most successful merchants. Harris worked as a mine agent in the 1850s, then started in the mercantile business, eventually taking charge of the Lake Linden branch of the North and Briggs store. He built this impressive building after the 1887 fire; the structure has arched windows on the second floor with keystoned caps made of sandstone. The original pressed metal cornice is still in place.</p><br>
<p>Another building is the Joseph Bosch Building (1888) located at 300 Calumet. It was built by brewer Joseph Bosch, who had settled in Lake Linden in 1868, working as a miner of the Calumet & Hecla company. He left the town to learn to be a brewmaster, and in 1874 founded the Torch Lake Brewery. The company was an immediate success, and in 1899 was the largest brewery in the Upper Peninsula. This building also has arched second-story windows with keystones, and a metal cornice. A 1920s era sign for Lindell Chocolate Shoppe hangs in front of the building.</p><br>
<p>Across the street from the Harris Block is the former Holy Rosary Church building (1905), which has been converted into the Gilles Apartments. The structure is built in a rectangular plan, with a Gothic-style front facade. The church was originally constructed to serve German and Irish parishioners who had separated from the French-Canadian St. Joseph&#39;s parish.</p><br>
<p>Other prominent structures in the area include the LeBeault Building (1887) at 220 Calumet, the Therrien Building (1888) at 310 Calumet, and the two-story building (1888) at 332 Calumet. Two buildings at 207 and 215 Calumet were built before 1885.</p><br>
<h3>400-500 blocks of Calumet Street</h3><br>
<p>The commercial buildings in the 400 and 500 blocks of Calumet, located outside of the original 1887 fire limits, are primarily frame structures. Intermixed with the commercial buildings are residential buildings, including the Joseph Gregoire House (1889) at 503 Calumet and adjacent houses from 1893.</p><br>
<p>This section of the district also includes the Lake Linden Village Hall and Fire Station (1901). The Hall is a two-story Richardsonian Romanesque structure on a rough sandstone base. The first story is constructed of red brick, with lighter brick above; belt courses run between floors and above the windows. The doorways and windows are arched, and an octagonal cupola sits atop the structure.</p><br>
<h3>600-700 blocks of Calumet Street</h3><br>
<p>The 600-700 blocks of Calumet are primarily populated with institutional buildings. The southernmost of these is the Lake Linden/Hubbell High School (1918) at 601 Calumet. The school is a rectangular, -story building with a flat roof. It is constructed of dark brown brick trimmed with grey stone.</p><br>
<p>In the next block is St Joseph&#39;s Church (1901) at 701 Calumet, built of rough sandstone blocks. The church is front-gabled with round arched windows, with two steeples with domed caps frame the roofline. The church was built in the French Canadian tradition to serve the growing French Canadian population of the area.</p><br>
<p>Across from the church is St Joseph&#39;s Academy and Parochial School (1930) at 700 Calumet. The school is a three-story brick building with concrete trim. Three projecting entrances on the first floor are decorated with ornamental quoins; there is a decorative gabled parapet in the center of the building.</p><br>
<p>The area also segues into the primarily residential areas to the north; the Joseph Eddy House at 703 Calumet (next to St. Joseph&#39;s) is a striking example of a prairie style house, unusual for the area. It is a two-story hipped roof house, built on a sandstone foundation.</p><br>
<h3>Structures on 100-300 blocks Hecla and Schoolcraft Streets and cross streets</h3><br>
<p>The residential areas of the district contain primarily two-story frame houses, originally clapboard-sided, which sit on sandstone foundations. They tend to be modest in scale, with vernacular Queen Anne elements. A few houses are more impressive in style, but these make up only a small portion of the structures in the district. Some of the original houses in the district have been demolished, but the small number of missing houses and the openness of the neighborhood minimizes the impact of the losses on the visual appearance of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Significant structures in this area include the Captain William H Harris house (1888–93) at 222 Hecla. The house is a two-and-a-half-story brick Queen Anne structure with a hipped roof and a square turret. A brick carriage house and stone and iron fence are also on the property. Neighboring houses at 224 and 226 Hecla are also impressive Queen Anne-style structures. The two houses at 146 and 148 First Street were built before the 1887 fire.</p><br>
<p>Two notable industrial/commercial buildings are located on Third Street, both of which were built by brewer Joseph Bosch. The first is the First National Bank (1888) at 346 Third Street. The bank is a two-story rough sandstone structure with arched windows. The second is the Bosch Bottling Works (1896) at 347 Third. The building is a two-story rough sandstone structure with arched windows and double garage doors at street level.</p><br>
<h3>Structures on N Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Two churches are located on N Avenue directly opposite each other at the corner of First Street. This section of road was the original route of M-26 before it was rerouted in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church (1887), located at 53248 N Avenue, is an asymmetrically massed stick-style front gable church with a square tower and belfry. It has an open front porch with turned railings. The exterior features dramatic woodwork styling, including wainscoting and fishscale shingles. The church was built by a small group of Scottish residents, for a cost of $8,325. It was dedicated in February 1887, three months before the 1887 fire, but escaped damage.</p><br>
<p>The Methodist Episcopal Church (1893) at 53237 N Avenue is a Gothic Revival front-gabled church on a sandstone foundation. It has a square steeple and Gothic arched windows.</p><br>
<p>Belford Historic District is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgetown, Texas. It comprises an eight-block area roughly bounded by University Avenue, the rear property lines to the east of Main Street, 19th Street, and the rear property lines to the west of Austin Street.</p><br>
<p>The district contains a high concentration of mostly early twentieth-century dwellings built by prominent local lumberman Charles S. Belford. Of the 81 structures within the districts confines, 70 are classified as contributing and add to the historic character of the area. The district provides a cross-section of Belfords career in the construction business, and a wide variety of styles and types of residences can be found, such as L- and modified L-plan houses, small bungalows, Prairie-style homes, and Belfords own Queen Anne residence. The neighborhood has long been an area where many of Georgetowns leading citizens, such as former mayor Marsh F. Smith and Judge Cooper Sansom, have lived.</p><br>
<p>St Ursula&#39;s is a building at 37 Watergate Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It incorporates a section of Chester Rows and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building because of the quality of the undercroft.</p><br>
<p>The building originated somewhere between about 1180 and about 1280. Alterations were made in the 16th or 17th century and it was largely rebuilt above the Row level in the late 19th century and altered again in the 20th century. The building is in four storeys. It is built in sandstone at the street (undercroft) and Row levels and above this is timber-framed. The undercroft has 5½ bays and it is considered that the walls date from the late 12th century, and are therefore the earliest features yet to have been dated in the structure of the Rows.</p><br>
<p>The undercroft is currently in use as a storeroom for the neighbouring toy shop.</p><br>
<p>The Sound of Harris  is a channel between the islands of Harris and North Uist in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 8 mi in width, the Sound of Harris provides the main sea passage through the Hebridean archipelago, from the Atlantic Ocean to The Minch. There are many islands and numerous reefs in the Sound, the largest being Berneray, Pabbay, Ensay and Killegray. It is part of the South Lewis, Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area, one of 40 in Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Ferry</h2><br>
<p>Since 1996, a vehicle ferry links Leverburgh, Harris to Berneray, itself connected by causeway to North Uist. Until the Berneray Causeway opened, the ferry landed at Otternish. The service is operated by Caledonian MacBrayne and was provided by MV Loch Bhrusda until 2003, when she was replaced by the much larger, MV Loch Portain. A buoyed route is marked to ensure the ferry’s safe passage. The MCA require that the vessel only proceed if the next two marker buoys are visible.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Bavinger House was completed in 1955 in Norman, Oklahoma, United States. It was designed by architect Bruce Goff. Considered a significant example of organic architecture, the house was awarded the Twenty-five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1987. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was constructed over the course of five years by Nancy and Eugene Bavinger, the residents of the house, who were artists, along with the help of a few of Eugenes art students, volunteers, and local businesses. The Bavingers moved into the house in February 1955, and Life magazine featured the house in its September 19, 1955 issue. Despite its remote location, the house became an attraction; the Bavingers first tried to limit visitors by charging a dollar per guest. Life reported that the tours had yielded over $4,000, and eventually (according to Goff) they raised over $50,000 before finally deciding they didnt want to be disturbed by the constant flow of tourists.</p><br>
<p>The house was vacant for more than a decade and had fallen into disrepair before it was reported in 2008 that the house would be renovated and reopened for tours. Fundraising efforts, however, ran into difficulties. The house was damaged and its central spire left broken at a 45-degree angle after a powerful windstorm in June 2011. which was later changed to "Closed Permanently", and in August 2012 further edited to say "The House will never return under its current political situation".</p><br>
<p>In April 2016 The Norman Transcript reported that the house had been demolished and completely removed, leaving only a vacant lot, as confirmed by the president of the Bruce Goff-focused preservation organization Friends of Kebyar.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The wall of the house was a 96-foot long logarithmically curved spiral, made from 200 tons of local "ironrock" sandstone dynamited (by Eugene) from a piece of purchased farmland near Robin Hill School, a few miles away from the house and hauled back on Eugene&#39;s 48 Chevy flatbed truck. The structure was anchored by a recycled oil field drill stem that was reused to make a central mast more than 55 feet high. The house had no interior walls; instead there were a series of platforms at different heights, some with curtains that could be drawn for privacy. The ground floor was covered with pools and planted areas.</p><br>
<p>Slivnica  is a peak in the Dinaric Alps in Slovenia, southeast of Cerknica on the edge of the plain defined by Lake Cerknica. Its southern and western slopes are covered in deciduous and pine forests, which also obstruct the view from the highest peak, Big Slivnica .</p><br>
<p>A karst cave below the summit of Slivnica, known as Witches&#39; Cave (Coprniška jama) was described by Valvasor in his The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola (1689) as a hole where storms were made. Warm air rises from the cave in the cold winter months and condenses to form mist, a phenomenon that contributed to the creation of the local legend about the Slivnica witches, traditionally blamed for all misfortune by local farmers from hail storms to various ailments.</p><br>
<p>The Rensselaer D. Hubbard House,  is a historic house in Mankato, Minnesota. Originally a private home, it is currently a museum. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1871 for Rensselaer D. Hubbard, a successful businessman. It was designed by Silas Barnard in the French Second Empire style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Rensselaer D. Hubbard</h3><br>
<p>Hubbard was born in Oswego County, New York, on December 14, 1837 to a family of farmers, formerly of Connecticut, with roots dating back to Colonial America. He had limited education, and left home at age 15 to work on a survey crew for the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad. In 1851, he moved to California and worked on a farm in the Sacramento Valley. From 1857-58 he tried gold mining around the Humboldt River in Nevada and Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada. He moved back to New York in 1859, where he worked as a grocery clerk making $50 per month and was quickly promoted to manager at a salary of $160 per month.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, he tried to enlist in the Union Army in January 1863 but was rendered unfit for military service due to a severe attack of pneumonia. He then began farming tobacco in Sidney, New York for a few years, during which time he married Mary Esther Cook. The two moved to Corry, Pennsylvania in 1866 as he reentered the grocery business, this time with great success: starting with capital of $2000, he earned approximately $30,000 in four years. Hubbard then decided to move to Mankato.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard built a warehouse in Mankato and worked in the wheat market until March 1872. At that time he entered a partnership that started the Mankato Linseed Oil Company, of which he was manager for 11 years; after initial struggles the company found success. The company became a major flour milling operation in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and changed names to the R.D. Hubbard & Company, then to the R.D. Hubbard Milling Company in 1894, and finally the Hubbard Milling Company in 1897. With partner George Palmer, he established a system of 42 grain elevators stretching across southern Minnesota and into South Dakota. The Hubbard Milling Company later expanded into livestock feed, pet food, and specialized feed products and still exists today as a subsidiary of the Canadian company Ridley.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard&#39;s first wife died on April 21, 1877; the two had one son. He married again in 1878 to Miss Frank Griffith, and had two daughters. The youngest daughter, Mary Ester Hubbard, sold the home to the Blue Earth County Historical Society in 1938.</p><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The Hubbard Houses location on South Broad Street was once part of Mankatos "silk stocking district", which included a number of Victorian era mansions. Built on a basement of cut stone, the structure used brick and wood with Mankato stone trim details. The home was built in two sections: The original section of the main house, built in 1871, is two and a half stories with a mansard roof of colored slate. The 1888 addition is one and a half stories and is telescoped in the Italianate style. The structure features a front porch with Ionic columns.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, Judge Loren Cray built a large mansion, the Cray Mansion, abutting the Hubbard House property. For several years the two owners engaged in a game of one-upmanship in upgrading their properties; the battle appeared to end when Cray added a top-floor ballroom. Both houses are listed on the NRHP. The Hubbard House was completely redecorated in 1905; members of the family lived in the home and made changes until 1938.</p><br>
<p>After the Blue Earth County Historical Society purchased the home in 1938, they deeded the property to the City of Mankato, which in turn assumed all maintenance costs and allowed the society to operate the museum and maintain the antiques within. The society used the house as its main museum from 1938 to 1988; during that time the home housed exhibit galleries, artifact storage, offices and a research center. A two story, brick Queen Anne Style carriage house built in 1890 was moved to the site in 1977. Once the society moved to his new headquarters, it opted to restructure the house museum to interpret the life of the Hubbard family; as such the home was restored to its 1905 state.</p><br>
<p>In May 2009, the Historical Society completed the twenty year restoration project on the structure, bringing it back to its 1905 appearance. The final phase restored the main porch and refurbished the 56 wooden storm windows. The project was funded by the Minnesota Historical Society, City of Mankato, private donors and fundraising.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The house has 18 rooms. The Hubbards emphasized beauty and utility in the house&#39;s design. When the original section was built in 1871, it included a central heating system (furnace); the structure also included four bathrooms, uncommon in the area at the time. The home was also one of the first in the area to have a telephone and electricity. Hubbard was unsure whether electricity would become standard, so he installed lights that operated on both gas and electrical power.</p><br>
<p>The three fireplaces on the first floor use a combination of Georgian, Spanish and Italian marbles as well as Brazilian onyx. The library featured cotton wall coverings, and the parlor featured silk damask wall coverings imported from Paris. The grand staircase is made of oak, and was part of the 1888 expansion replacing an iron spiral staircase. A Tiffany chandelier hangs over the dining room table.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The home has operated as a museum by the Blue Earth County Historical Society and is open to the public for a fee.</p><br>
<p>The Lorin Cray House  is a historic structure in Mankato, Minnesota. Originally a private home, it was owned by the local YWCA for just over 80 years, from late 1927 until they changed locations in early 2008. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Queen Anne Style brick residence was designed by Frank Thayer for Lorin P. Cray, a civic leader, judge and philanthropist. The house is approximately 10,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Built adjacent to the equally lavish Renesselaer D. Hubbard House, for several years the two owners engaged in a game of one-upmanship in upgrading their properties; the battle appeared to end when Cray added a top-floor ballroom. Both houses are listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>Cray was an important donor to what became the Mankato YWCA; when he and his wife died in 1927, the house and furnishings were willed to the organization along with an endowment for the upkeep of the building. The organization moved into the structure on November 12, 1927, using it initially as a communal house. The second floor housed at least eight girls until 1952. The building was converted into the YWCA&#39;s offices as well as a preschool.</p><br>
<p>The YWCA put the structure up for sale in 2006 for $682,400. The Mankato Area Foundation showed serious interest in purchasing the house for the city, but terms that would have allowed the YWCA to occupy the building with no other tenants for up to ten years while the city paid upkeep of $50,000 a year killed the deal. When it became clear the structure would likely fall into private hands, historic preservationists, led by the Blue Earth County Historical Society, expressed concerns that the building might be significantly altered. The building sold on February 28, 2008 for $505,000; at the time its appraised value was $675,000. The building is now a multi-dwelling structure.</p><br>
<p>After the sale of the Cray Mansion, the City of Mankato created the Heritage Preservation Commission, an official commission that can designate properties as historic and control what can and cannot be done to their exteriors.</p><br>
<p>The Field Matrons Cottage, also known as the Stone Building, was built circa 1925 on the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony in Sparks, Nevada. The cottage was built to support a Bureau of Indian Affairs program to instruct the 20 acre colonys Paiute and Washoe girls in sanitation and housekeeping skills. A "field matron" was provided by the Bureau from 1919 to as late as 1938. At first the matron lived in Reno, at some distance from the colony, but in 1926 funding was made available to build a dwelling on colony lands, allowing a closer relationship between the matron and the colony&#39;s inhabitants. The cottage included a library and an infirmary, and served as a community meeting place.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is built in the locally-unique Stewart Vernacular style, following the prototype established at the Stewart Indian School in Carson City. Many of the buildings at the Stewart Indian School were built using multi-colored native stone with black mortar. The style was locally influential, but the Matrons Cottage is the only example in the Reno area. The buildings detailing and massing are similar to the Craftsman style, with a bungalow-like arrangement. The one story building has a full basement and a jerkin-head gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The Field Matron&#39;s Cottage was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Puig Campana  is a mountain forming part of the Prebaetic System in the southeast of Spain. With an altitude of 1,406 m, it is the second highest peak in the province of Alicante. Puig Campana is located in the municipality of Finestrat only 10 km from the Mediterranean coast.</p><br>
<p>From the base of the mountain it may seem that there is only one peak, but in fact there are two, the taller of which is not easily visible from the base of the mountain. The western of the two peaks has a pronounced crack or notch, historically this feature has been known colloquially as the El Portell (The Gate) although in recent times it has come to be known by a number of other names such as Roldan’s Notch (Brecha or Tajo de Roldán in Spanish).</p><br>
<p>A large part of the vegetation on the north eastern side of the mountain was burnt by a wildfire in 2009. The fire started on 24 January of that year when a high voltage electricity pylon was blown over by a strong wind. Some 1,000 hectares were reduced to ashes and around 15,000 people were evacuated from 25 urbanizations. The best method for the reforestation of the mountain is currently being studied. Although five years after the disaster the area is still in a state of complete abandon.</p><br>
<h2>The Legend of Puig Campana</h2><br>
<p>The notch that is present in the western peak of Puig Campana has given rise to a number of legends, or in reality to multiple versions of the same legend.</p><br>
<p>One version of the legend is a version of the one that relates to La Brèche de Roland, which is located in the Pyrenees. The local version says that the French hero Roland, commander of Charlemagne’s army, became embroiled in a sword fight with the head of the Moorish army and the duel finished on the top of the mountain. At one moment in the battle the Moorish leader was flung to the ground and Roland lifted his sword, Durandarte, in order to deal his enemy a final blow. However, he missed the prostrate figure and the force of the blow cut a chunk out of the mountain, which fell into the sea. This rock is still visible as Benidorm Island and the gash that Roland made in the peak of the mountain still bears his name.</p><br>
<p>However, Professor B. Granier, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (Brest, France), who did field work for his PhD thesis (1987) in this area, demonstrated that the rocks at the core of the Puig Campana are Late Jurassic in age whereas the limestones cropping out in the Islote de Benidorm at Early Cretaceous (Albian) in age.</p><br>
<p>There are many versions of the legend, in another Roland&#39;s lover Alda was fated to die when the last of the sun’s rays shone on her so Roldan cut out part of the mountain in order that the sun would take longer to set ensuring that Alda would live a few moments longer.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The mountain may be ascended by a number of different paths, several of which converge before heading to the peak. Maps are available at the tourism office in downtown Finestrat, and there is also a small module at the trailhead at Font del Molí with some information. However, the trail, which in many places is hardly more than a narrow footpath, is badly marked, with small, faded painted symbols here and there on rocks along the way. In addition, the local landscape consists of steep slopes with much loose rock and tall scrub brush and trees, and as a result it is easy to get disoriented. Therefore, it is highly advisable to speak to the tourist office and/or the module first, and let them know you are going. Locals report that numerous tourists get lost and have to be rescued. Take water, food, and a mobile phone. There are no services along the way. From the trailhead, hike time to the summit is reported as from 5 to 8 hours round trip. Hike time on the circuit around the mountain’s base without ascending to the summit is reported as from 4 to 5 hours.</p><br>
<p>The most direct line of ascent is arguably from Finestrat, starting at Font del Molí, heading towards the mountain&#39;s south face. From here, a long, steep, scree slope can be seen. It is possible (although unpleasant) to ascend the scree directly, or follow the trail which runs parallel to the scree slope on the right hand side. Both the trail and the scree slope are marked with fading red painted symbols. The trail is easy to lose in mist. From the top of the scree slope, the trail turns east towards the summit. There are lots of criss-crossing paths here, which makes the route very difficult to follow in mist.</p><br>
<p>The Comox Glacier is a glacier on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located 30 km southwest of Courtenay and 1 km west of Argus Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The highest elevation of the Comox Glacier, 1,960 m, refers to a rocky outcrop on the north side of the glacier. Lacking an official name, it is referred to as the Comox Glacier summit.</p><br>
<p>The Comox Glacier is a member of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in turn form part of the Insular Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Comox Glacier comes from the name of the K&#39;ómoks First Nation who inhabit the area. They refer to the mountain by the name Kwénis, which means "whale". This name comes from a traditional account of the Great Flood: a whale was said to be trapped up on the mountain when the flood receded. In the early 1900s, the glacier was known as Dome Glacier. The name Comox Glacier was officially adopted in 1939, at the suggestion of the Comox & District Mountaineering Club.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>There are two direct routes to the Comox Glacier:</p><br>
<p>1. Comox Glacier Trail (aka Frog&#39;s Pond Route) - the most direct route to the Comox Glacier. It begins where Datsio Creek meets Comox Creek. The route initially heads up the valley towards Century Sam Lake, but quickly gains the ridge to the west. The route follows the height of the ridge up to Lone Tree Pass, and on to the south flanks of the Comox Glacier.</p><br>
<p>2. Kookjai Route - this route starts at Cougar Lake, near the Comox Gap. It traverse over Kookjai Mountain and Black Cat Mountain before meeting up with the Comox Glacier Trail at Lone Tree Pass.</p><br>
<p>Alternatively, the Comox Glacier can be accessed by traversing from Argus Mountain to the west, or climbing up from Milla Lake to the north.</p><br>
